Ethical Theories, Principles, and Concepts Assignment

Moral Theories, Principles, and Concepts - Assignment Example Clinical staff may stop from helping patients in case of event of a debacle inspired by a paranoid fear of indictment (Fremgen, 2009). The law gives a standard measure to an individual’s activity and rebuffs crooks. Whatever is deserving of law is indecent and exploitative. Be that as it may, the law licenses activities, for example, control and lying, which is ethically hostile. The law set to manage clinical consideration targets keeping up elevated requirements of profound quality, which may not think about the foreseen great. Clinical law and guidelines take into consideration self-sufficiency, which on occasion may settle on one settle on ignorant choice on a specific treatment methodology that could thus influence the life of the patient and now and again prompting death toll. Some clinical practices are defended in clinical procedureâ but are untrustworthy and deceptive. In this manner, the laws and guidelines are a test other than an answer for the issue (Garrett, Baillie, and Garrett, 2010). The act of medication requires a legitimate comprehension of the moral ways of thinking and standards. The principals that shield it incorporate among others the regard for self-sufficiency. Self-sufficiency furnishes the patient with the option to take all around educated free decision without impact, and clinical experts ought to comply with the patient’s choices. The rule accommodates non-perniciousness where the Hippocratic Oath applies (Fremgen, 2009). The specialist can just treat the patient as per what the individual in question knows best and abstain from harming the patient. The standard backers for doing great to the patient. In this guideline, the specialist must manage treatment to the patient without making torment the patient. At long last, the standard of equity must win. The clinical consideration ought to be reasonable, sensible, impartial and without inclination (Fremgen, 2009). Utilitarianism is a philosophical hypothesis that discloses moral practice to be to benefit the many.

The German national flag Essay Example For Students

The German national banner Essay It ought to be valued that as of right now the patriots in Germany were against what the traditionalists and monarchists needed for Germany: essentially they were against the built up request of power. This was not to change all through the on coming hundred years, and stayed as a natural attribute of German patriotism, constantly requesting from the built up government further concessions. This is clear as right on time as 1813, during the clash of Leipzig, where the individuals who felt energetic enough about their country, felt that Germany should have an aggregate armed force. These men battled in the patriot volunteer detachment, under a banner of red, dark and yellow (which later on would turn into the shades of the German national banner). In spite of the fact that they represented no danger to the specialists at that point, they by and by exhibited a longing for, a bound together military, or possibly for every one of the individuals who were Germans to battle as one against a shared adversary: an idea that German national-nonconformists just acknowledged after the disappointments of 1848, and one that Bismarck played with and abused in the months paving the way to the Franco-Prussian war. We will compose a custom article on The German national banner explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Another model, later on in the period would be the extreme Pan-German association of the mid 1900s who practiced a specific impact in pushing the specialists to execute an increasingly forceful international strategy, and requested German predominance in Europe; circumstances, for example, the Moroccan Crisis, represent a specific clash with the administration of the time. In the period 1815-1848, the thoughts of German patriotism were a lot of creating. With the improvement of their thoughts, Metternichs reactionary approach of suppression would have affected the transient points of the patriots. With the affirmation of the Carlsbad Decrees, the specialists of the German Confederation started an arrangement of constraint which demonstrated fruitful for the time being, however in the long haul didn't generally handle the issue. After 1840, when the harsh enactment was LAXED, participation to patriot associations were again quickly expanding. For instance, in the five years after 1842 participation to the Gymnasts development expanded structure 300 to 90,000 showing that not exclusively did Metternichs strategy successfully fall flat, however that patriotism was from decrease. The points of German patriotism in this period changed as it was basically an unlawful development, thus its prompt points would have been to, at any rate have its voice heard, and moreover to extend its help base. Occasions, for example, the Hambach celebration exhibited the degree to which German patriots were discontent, anyway the centrality of the celebration ought not be exaggerated; it ought to be kept in sight that German patriotism was still basically a minority development upheld by for the most part the center and the informed classes just as college understudies. It was mainstream with these strands of society as, the underlying rush of patriotism, in 1815 depended on a sentiment of family relationship and was progressively a from of social patriotism; it was an exceptionally sentimental development dependent on expressions of the human experience including verse, people stories and craftsmanship. This shows the points of these patriots were not really for political unification. Be that as it may, patriotism in this period was the lesser accomplice of progressivism, and it was under this appearance of national radicalism that the patriots thoughts started to create and in this manner too the points started to create. The demonstrators of the Hambach celebration are definitely liable to have a vastly improved feeling of mindfulness for the advantages of political unification and monetary unification. Truth be told there may have been many changing gatherings of patriots at show, as to be sure, there were various variations of patriot who all had marginally various standards and in this way shifting points. For instance, the Polish and Greeks want and dedication for a country was no less esteemed or regarded second rate right now, anyway by late Wilhelmine Germany, with the advancement of Darwins development hypothesis, the thoughts of German predominance were solidly installed n the goals of the extreme German patriot gatherings, for example, the Navy League and the Pan-German League. .u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d32 , .u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d32 .postImageUrl , .u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d32 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d32 , .u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d32:hover , .u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d32:visited , .u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d32:active { border:0!important; } .u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d32 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d32 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d32:active , .u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d32:hover { murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d32 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } . u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d32 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d32 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d32 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d32:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d3 2 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d32-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u4df676b99d520fb36ffac29225060d32:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Hcokey Night In Canada EssayFranco-fear was another unmistakable component of German patriotism, for the duration of the timespan. This was apparent from as right on time as ahead of schedule as 1813, and in actuality numerous history specialists, including educator Chris Clarke of the college of Cambridge, accept that it was to be sure the creator of German patriotism. It is no fortuitous event that whenever ever, at whatever point Germany and Frances intrigue were at struggle, German patriotism was consistently at its generally enthusiastic. This is exhibited in 1813, just as in 1840, during the war alarm on the Rhine emergency.

How to add Serial Number on Blogger Comments list

How to add Serial Number on Blogger Comments list Google Blog has changed their interface by improving different parts but except their commenting system. You would see that your blog comment cannot be modified by using javaScript. Google seems to me little strict about this. But by using CSS code we can modify to add features and give them a new shape. Earlier I have released many tutorials about changing comment form, adding message above comment box. So now I am going to share a trick to add serial number on Blogger comment list. I have used simple CSS code and designed 2 style rounded rectangle and circle. This trick will add some extra spice on your blog commenting system. Please follow the simple steps to add this on your blog. Add rounded rectangle style Serial number on Blogger Comments list Rounded rectangle style is very standard. Currently many blogger designing their widget by sung this style. You can use this style to add extra spice on your blog comment section. Step 1Log in to your Bloggeraccountand Go to yourBloggerDashboard Step 2Click on Now click on-Template-Edit HTML- Unfoldcode Step 3Now Find thiscode]]/b:skinby pressingCtrl+F Step 4Copy thecodefrom below and Paste it Before/above]]/b:skin /**Trick by www.bloggerspice.com**/ .comments { counter-reset:number; } .comments .comment { position:relative; counter-increment:number; } .comments .comment-content { margin-right:50px !important; } .comments .comment:after { content:counter(number); display:block; width:40px; height:40px; text-align:center; font:italic normal 20px/40px Times,Serif; color:#ccc; position:absolute; top:10px; right:10px; -webkit-border-radius:30%; -moz-border-radius:30%; border-radius:30%; border:3px solid #3c3c3c; background-color:#0066B3; -webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.7); -moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.7); box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.7); } .comments .comment .comment-thread.inline-thread { counter-reset:number; } .comments .comment .comment-thread.inline-thread .comment:after { font-size:18px; line-height:30px; width:30px; height:30px; } .comments .comment:hover:after { background-color:#04BDFA; border-color:#333333; color:#FFFFFF; } Add circle style Serial number on Blogger Comments list Circle style also looking good and eye-catching. Hope you would like this style too. Step 1Log in to your Bloggeraccountand Go to yourBloggerDashboard Step 2Click on Now click on-Template-Edit HTML- Unfoldcode Step 3Now Find thiscode]]/b:skinby pressingCtrl+F Step 4Copy thecodefrom below and Paste it Before/above]]/b:skin /**Trick by www.bloggerspice.com**/ .comments { counter-reset:number; } .comments .comment { position:relative; counter-increment:number; } .comments .comment-content { margin-right:50px !important; } .comments .comment:after { content:counter(number); display:block; width:40px; height:40px; text-align:center; font:italic normal 20px/40px Times,Serif; color:#ccc; position:absolute; top:10px; right:10px; -webkit-border-radius:100%; -moz-border-radius:100%; border-radius:100%; border:3px solid #3c3c3c; background-color:#0066B3; -webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.7); -moz-box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.7); box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.7); } .comments .comment .comment-thread.inline-thread { counter-reset:number; } .comments .comment .comment-thread.inline-thread .comment:after { font-size:18px; line-height:30px; width:30px; height:30px; } .comments .comment:hover:after { background-color:#04BDFA; border-color:#333333; color:#FFFFFF; } Customization Change3c3c3cand0066B3for background and border color Change04BDFAand333333for background and border color of hover effect. You can use our color picker to get wide range of color code. If you face trouble to install this then fell free to contact with me. I will response you as soon as possible. Happy Blogging!!!

Canada Welcomes An Ethno Cultural Diversity And Follows...

In 2012, Canada received approximately 23,000 refugees and their families (Statistics Canada, 2012). Canada welcomes an ethno cultural diversity and follows the international mandate to ensure safety, stability and accessibility to health services for refugees. The refugees come from different countries, which are socioeconomically unstable, and they are in search of stability and a better destiny. Canada is recognized as one of the most developed countries in the world, it is undeniable that the protection of refugees will be provided. The Ottawa Newcomer Clinic, located in Ottawa, is one of the agencies that welcomes newcomer refugees. This clinic plays an essential role in the reintegration of refugees in their new environment and provides preventive healthcare services. To improve its services, the team members of the clinic are committed to promoting mental health in order to undertake a holistic approach in the care of refugee youths. Consequently, it is important to explore th e obstacles facing this particular population using the Population Health model in order to identify startegies for mental health promotion programs that aims to optimize the health status of refugee youths. This brings us to review the importance of mental health among refugees and concepts involved, such as importance of the role of health care providers who have direct contact with the target population as well as mental health promotion. As indicated by Lucia (2012) populace Health Promotion

The Nuclear Of The Atomic Bomb - 1551 Words

The atomic bomb was developed in an effort to counter proposed technologies by the Nazis in Germany, who were trying to develop superweapons in their effort to conquer Europe. Top physicists like Albert Einstein warned that nuclear reaction would release enough energy to level an entire city. By mid-1945, U.S. military leaders were presented with a few options regarding how they should approach the end of the war with Japan. Solutions included mounting a joint invasion with the Soviets, creating a naval blockade, allowing the Japanese to retain their emperor if they surrendered unconditionally and created a cease-fire, and dropping the atomic bomb. However, they needed to take into account many variables that would affect their decision. The U.S. should have dropped the bomb to impress the Soviets, to prevent the need for a possible land invasion, and to end the war sooner; therefore, the U.S.’s use of the atomic bomb only served to heighten the Cold War between the Soviets a nd U.S. Truman believed that he could intimidate the Soviet Union with his atomic weapon. He believed that â€Å"I have an ace in the hole and another one showing--so unless he has threes or two pair (and I know he has not) we are sitting all right†(Truman Library). The â€Å"ace† that Truman is talking about is the atomic bomb, and when he says that â€Å"we are sitting all right†, Truman means that a Soviet atomic bomb, or something worse, would be disastrous to world politics, as Truman planned to use the atomicShow MoreRelatedAtomic And Nuclear Bomb : Atomic Bomb980 Words   |  4 Pages Atomic/Nuclear bomb The atomic bomb ended WWII when the United States dropped Fat Man and Little Boy on the japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This is what started the arms race known as the Cold War between the United States and Russia, the two major world superpowers left after WWII. The effects of the massive arms race between the two countries still to this day affect every citizen in the world due to the fact so many weapons of mass destruction were made some were even lost. AlongRead MoreNuclear Weapons And The Atomic Bomb1432 Words   |  6 Pagesfought with nuclear weapons, the fourth will be fought with bows and arrows† Lord Mountbatten. This quotes, by a famous British Naval Officer, summarizes the threats nuclear weapons present to the entire world. With the development of the atomic bomb during the Second World War, a new war was started: the Cold War. The ideology behind this war continues on to this day and has led to many treaties and other attempts to stop the productio n and potential use of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons areRead MoreThe Nuclear Of Uranium And The Atomic Bomb1215 Words   |  5 PagesBeginning in 1941 the exploration of uranium 235 and the atomic bomb began. The bomb would be used against Japan to end the deadly encounters during World War II in exchange for unconditional surrender. In 1945 the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima killing over 190,000 people and then another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki killing about 70,000 people. Japan surrendered bringing an end to the war but this was only the beginning of what is known as the nuclear age. Historical context German physicistRead MoreNuclear Power And The Atomic Bomb1547 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor technological break though in the late 19th and early 20th century was the birth of atomic fission, between 1895 and 1945. In WWII, the men of science applied this new knowledge to create the atomic bomb. Only few years after the war in 1956, this cognition was applied to make new power plants, fueled by the new energy source uranium. (pg1 World Nuclear Association) Today, as much as we know about nuclear power is one of the most powerful and fresh energy, compared to any carbon dioxide producingRead MoreNuclear Weapons And The Atomic Bomb Project1394 Words   |  6 Pages A nuclear weapon is one that possess enormous destruction power derived from nuclear fission which is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay that eventually lead to a massive release of a large amount of energy. Throughout history many nuclear weapons have been developed and used. Over time a simple scientific discovery has manifested itself into a massive and destructive yet very important piece of history that has greatly affected the world today. The thought to start using the powersRead MoreAtomic Bomb: Introduction of Nuclear Weapon3290 Words   |  14 PagesIn ww2 , the  atomic bomb  was dropped on japan to put an immediate end to the war and not draw other countries (i.e. the soviet union or china) into fighting combatively against the U.S. As far as foreign relations go, it proved to the world that the U.S was the most powerful country in that time ( superpower) . This also relates to several years later during the cold war. It prompted the Soviet Union to develop their own nuclear warfare. (i.e us comes out with hydrogen bomb and a year later USSRRead MoreNuclear Contamination And The Atomic Bomb Testing979 Words   |  4 Pagesremarked on the nuclear contamination in the area from the atomic bomb testing, and the many diverse cases of cancer in the people living here then. Our extraterrestrial visitors became curious as to those events which led us into a long discussion of warfare on Earth and the horrors it ha d brought, and the worries and politics of Nuclear power. This occupied our conversation for many miles as we lamented the missed potential, the waste and the suffering brought forth by the Nuclear genie. We reachedRead MoreAtomic Bomb: Introduction of Nuclear Weapon3278 Words   |  14 PagesIn ww2 , the  atomic bomb  was dropped on japan to put an immediate end to the war and not draw other countries (i.e. the soviet union or china) into fighting combatively against the U.S. As far as foreign relations go, it proved to the world that the U.S was the most powerful country in that time ( superpower) . This also relates to several years later during the cold war. It prompted the Soviet Union to develop their own nuclear warfare. (i.e us comes out with hydrogen bomb and a year later USSRRead MoreThe First Lightning: The First Russian Nuclear Atomic Bomb1060 Words   |  5 PagesAugust 29,1949 the first nuclear atomic bomb was dropped known as the â€Å"First Lighting.† It was dropped on the testing site in Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. This nuclear bomb was produced by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) also known as the Soviet Union. Igor Kurchatov was the director of the scientific soviet nuclear bomb program. There were two practice rounds two weeks prior to the explosion. During these two weeks period the Special Committee on the atomic bomb sent Lavrentii BeriaRead MoreIr A Nuclear Power And Producing Atomic Bombs3054 Words   |  13 Pages Around 2003, the hidden Iranian plan of becoming a nuclear power and producing atomic bombs was revealed by a major opposition group: Mojahadeen. The U.S and other Western countries have been seriously discussing this matter with Iranian authorities after they verified the validity of the news. Iran has undergone billions dollars in expenses, in attempts to gain nuclear power. Generally, the main sanctions are divided into four different groups: U.S sanctions (Executive Order), European sanctions

The Racial Contract And Sexual Contract Affect Poverty

Tania Rodriguez Professor Myers HIS101-07 Exam What is resentment? How is resentment related to the emergence of racism and sexism? Resentment is not wanting others to have what they have or what you don?t have. There are various ways of how resentment is linked to racism and sexism. For example, resenting a certain race can be caused just by seeing that they are doing better than you. Similarly, there is a link of resentment in sexism. Some men may resent the fact that there has been a shift in women status, from being a housewife to being independent. Some men may resent women for working in jobs that are considered male dominated, especially if they hold a higher position. Even now women are still struggling against that old fashion mentality that they are inferior, unequal to men. How do the racial contract and sexual contract affect poverty? Using Howard Zinn or other class readings, provide specific examples of what Mill calls: An expropriation contract An exploitation or slavery contract a domination or colonial contract Some ways that the racial contract affect poverty is the ?color-coded distribution of wealth?.1 Most of the worlds wealth is controlled by whites.1 The sexual contract can correlate with poverty in which some societies are male dominated and there is a concept of domination and subordination.2 There are those who want to oppress others through financial means. The sexual contract can also affect poverty in which employment can depend on physicalShow MoreRelatedHiv / Aids : A Growing Problem Among American Indians And Alaska1731 Words   |  7 Pagesindistinguishable for everyone; some racial/ethnic groups are more affected than others, given their percentage of the populace. HIV/AIDs are a growing problem among American Indians and Alaska Natives (CDC). Some groups have higher rates of HIV in their communities, hence the rising of the new infections with each sexual or drug use encounter (CDC). Social, economic, and demographic factors including stigma, discrimination, revenue, educ ation, and geographic regions- affect their risk for HIV. Due to AmericanRead MoreTransnational Cycles Of Gendered Vulnerability : Theory Of Global Gender Essay1910 Words   |  8 PagesIn Transnational Cycles of Gendered Vulnerability: Theory of Global Gender, Alison Jaggar argues that across the globe, women are entrapped in cycles of poverty, abuse, and disenfranchisement of multiple varieties. Part of her argument emphasizes women s lack of education, which contributes to their inability to find work, escape abusive relationships etc. While I agree that women worldwide are continuous victims of vicious patriarchal oppression and subjection, and that said despotism should beRead MoreHealth Disparities Among African Americans1453 Words   |  6 PagesHIV/AIDs virus. This viruses significance is relatively recent in human history, but the damage it has done since its inception is catastrophic. In order to understand the HIV/AIDs virus as a disease state, exploration of the people who more often contract the disease, is vital to the unde rstanding of its development. Combatting the health inequity of HIV among African Americans must be done in a manner that begins with the recognition of the evidence indicating this inequity. According to the CentersRead MoreSlavery And The United States1690 Words   |  7 Pagestrans-regional operations which involves a significantly high number of captives with a large travel distance. Middle East Journal of Business states â€Å"the origin of trans-regional trafficking relates to the places where law and order is disrupted due to poverty, war, armed conflicts, natural disasters and social unrest due to existence of nondemocratic governments. â€Å"(Rezaeian July 2016 34) There are psychological and physical major health consequences as a result of human trafficking. These conditions include:Read MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases And Younger Population Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesSexually Transmitted Diseases and Younger Population Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are Infectious diseases that can spread during sexual contact. Sexually transmitted diseases are common and can be prevented. In the communities of United States, it is a health concern among adolescents and young adults. This young population of ages 15 to 24 years old, are most at risk for sexually transmitted diseases. For these reasons, adolescents and young adults are an excellent group for health promotionRead MoreAfrican American Women Hiv Positive Essay1922 Words   |  8 Pagesmany factors of social and health determinants. The health concern is towards the increase of transmission among young AA mothers and their children who are the health outcomes in many ways than one. The many social and health determinants that affect the women today are on going cycles that have yet to be broken. African American women make 64% of new infection cases for HIV. African american obtain a vulnerability unlike other minorities. The health populationà ¢â‚¬â„¢s culture and stigma has playedRead MoreCultural Group Characteristics And Demographics1541 Words   |  7 PagesDisparities and Inequalities Report – United States, 2013 (CHDIR); based on information from 2011, American Indian and Alaska Native populations had the second highest prevalence of not completing high school, the largest percentage of adults living in poverty when compared to non-Hispanic whites, and had a 15.8% prevalence of unemployed adults (ages 18-64) compared to non-Hispanic Blacks at 16.5% (OMHHE, 2015). Today, American Indians can be classified as the least educated, poorest, and most neglectedRead MoreThe Problem Of Sex Trafficking1684 Words   |  7 PagesSolution to Human Trafficking is Just As Difficult As the Problem Sex Trafficking is a global phenomenon defined most often as the trade in women and children using force, fraud or coercion to cause a commercial sex act. Prostitution, pornography and sexual performance that is committed in exchange for money, drugs, shelter, food or clothes is defined as a commercial sex act. Sex Trafficking has a firm grip as a multi-million dollar production, recently skyrocketing with the modern era of technologyRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Stratification On Minorities1195 Words   |  5 Pages†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨The impact on minorities due to inequality†¨Introduction †¨During the course of this class I have learned about social problems within the society in which we live and around the world. It is disturbing to learn that poverty, social inequality, race and cultural discrimination, gender stratification, environmental damage, population growth, and urbanization are among the social problems and controversial issues that still exist in the United State s. What is Social Stratification Social stratificationRead MoreGender Oppression Through The Lense Of Racism. When It1584 Words   |  7 Pagesallows us to understand the many different ways in which individuals or groups experience it and how these other oppressions contribute to gender oppression as well. There are people who suffer because of many systems of oppression, such as racism, poverty, or cissexism. These systems start to intersect, become dependent on each other, and they can only be understood all together as one sum. This is known as intersectionality. Moreover, when it comes to viewing gender oppression through the lens of

Amazon Web Services Applications and Services

Question: Describe about the Amazon Web Services for Applications and Services. Answer: Introduction Service Oriented Computing is a term that stands for a figuring worldview that uses administrations as key component to bolster fast, ease advancement of appropriated applications in heterogeneous situations. The guarantee of Service-Oriented Computing is a universe of collaborating administrations that are in effect approximately coupled to adapt-ably make dynamic business forms and dexterous applications that may traverse associations and processing stages, and can adjust rapidly and self-sufficiently to changing mission necessities (MIT Press, 2016). The example that has been chosen for understanding Service Oriented Computing in a detailed manner is Amazon Web Services (AWS). These are the services that are presented on a cloud computing platform by Amazon.com. It is expanded all around the globe in a number of different geographical areas (WhatIs.com, 2016). Problem Description Amazon Web services give the grounds for the execution and designing of the business processes that are expanded all over the network and can be accessed with the help of interfaces and protocols. There are a vast number of users for this service and it is also expanded in a different number of geographical regions. A computing paradigm is necessary to streamline all of the processes and bring together the applications that are easy to access (Kunz, 2016). Proposed Infrastructure Service It produces impacts that have worth to the general population or associations that are its shoppers. It has a supplier a man or association that assumes liability for running the system to deliver those impacts. Furthermore, there is an understood or unequivocal contract between the supplier and the customers that the project will deliver the impacts that the purchasers anticipate. Service Re-use It is recommended to make use of the existing software modules for the purpose rather than developing from the scratch. Software repositories are the infrastructure that supports this feature and the information stored in there can be utilized for the task. Messaging The various services can easily communicate with each other through messaging. This strength appears to be an extra overhead be that as it may, if the administrations are approximately coupled (as they ought to be), then the quantity of message trades is moderately little, and the overhead is sensibly low. Messaging programs and protocols are proposed for efficient and safe messaging between the services. Message Monitoring Authorized monitoring between the activities and messages that are exchanged between the different web services provided by Amazon could be very useful for the purpose of Business Intelligence. It can also be of great aid for measurement of performance and for the detection various security attacks as well. Activity monitor is the proposed infrastructure that is recommended for this purpose. Message Control It can be used to give priority to messages of specific kinds and for the application of security policy as well. PDPs and PEFs are can be well utilized for the control and check on the messages. Message Transformation and Security Transformation of messages provides the mechanism of translating it to other formats. Confidentiality and integrity of the data is kept intact with the help of transformation and security measures. Data translator and encryption engine are used to serve this purpose and are proposed as an infrastructure to cater the same. Complex Event Processing A generation control administration may take estimations from various sensors and make a move when the normal surpasses an utmost. This total of basic occasions to create complex occasions is known as Complex Event Processing. Event processors are the proposed tools as the infrastructure for implementation of this feature. Service Composition It is the assembling of various basic administrations to make a more perplexing one. For instance, an "item deal" web administration could be made out of less complex "item choice", "shopping basket audit", "installment technique determination", "MasterCard installment", and "receipt installment" administrations. The two proposed composition are: Arrangement, in which one of the administrations plans and coordinates the others. In the event that the above illustration was composed as an arrangement, there would be a bearing administration that would summon in succession the item choice, shopping basket survey, installment strategy choice, and, contingent upon the choice result, charge card installment or receipt installment administrations. Choreography, in which the made administrations communicate and participate without the guide of a coordinating administration. In the event that the above illustration was planned as choreography, there would be no coordinating administration: the item determination administration would conjure the shopping basket audit benefit, the shopping basket survey administration would summon the installment strategy choice administration, and the installment technique choice administration would conjure the Visa installment or receipt installment administration. Service Discovery In this approach, the character of the objective administration is not known at programming time, but rather is found at run time. The client program discovers target benefits that meet its prerequisites, and picks one of them. Asset Wrapping The IT assets of an endeavor can frequently be considered as on-screen characters that perform administrations. A CPU performs a data handling benefit; a file store performs a data stockpiling administration; etc. This incorporates programming and also equipment assets. A database administration framework performs a database administration benefit; a records bundle performs a budgetary data handling administration. An essential element of SOA is the acknowledgment that these assets perform administrations, and the advancement of programming faades that give access to these assets and have interfaces that are in the same structure as the interfaces to other programming administrations of the venture. This is called asset wrapping. From a segment based programming building perspective, the assets and the faade are parts that are amassed to shape a product administration. The product administrations framed along these lines can be utilized as a part of administration organization, have registry sections, and be powerfully found, similarly as different administrations (opengroup, 2016). Advantages of Service Oriented Computing for AWS Administration Reusability In this framework, an application is worked by amassing little, independent, and inexactly coupled bits of usefulness. In this manner, the administrations can be reused in various applications autonomous of their connections with different administrations. Simple Maintainability Since an administration is an autonomous element, it can be effortlessly upgraded or kept up without worrying about different administrations. Huge, complex applications can in this manner be overseen effectively. More noteworthy Reliability These kinds of services and applications are more dependable since little, free administrations are simpler to test and troubleshoot when contrasted with monstrous pieces of code. Area Independence The administrations are generally distributed to an index where shoppers can find them. This methodology permits a support of progress its area whenever. Notwithstanding, the customers are constantly ready to find their asked for administration through the index turn upward. Enhanced Scalability and Availability Various occasions of a solitary administration can keep running on various servers in the meantime. This expands versatility and accessibility of the administration. Enhanced Software Quality Since administrations can be reused, there is no extension for excess usefulness. This decreases mistakes because of conflicting information, and subsequently enhances the nature of code. Stage Independence It encourages the advancement of an intricate item by coordinating distinctive items from various merchants free of the stage and innovation. Expanded Productivity Engineers can reuse existing legacy applications and fabricate extra usefulness without developing the whole thing sans preparation. This builds the engineers' efficiency, and in the meantime, generously diminishes the expense of building up an application (Takale, 2016). Disadvantages of Service Oriented Computing for AWS Expanded Overhead Each time administration associates with another administration, complete approval of each information parameter happens. This expands the reaction time and machine load, and along these lines diminishes the general execution. Complex Service Management The administration needs to guarantee that messages have been conveyed in an opportune way. In any case, as administrations continue trading messages to perform undertakings, the quantity of these messages can go into millions notwithstanding for a solitary application. This represents a major test to oversee such a colossal populace of administrations. High Investment Cost Execution of these requires a huge forthright speculation by method for innovation, improvement, and human asset. Parallel database v/s Cloud based infrastructure for Service Oriented Computing In case of a structured parallel database, there is a parallelization of several operations which include indexing, referencing and querying of the data. It makes use of a number of several CPUs and disks to perform the operation in an easy and simpler manner (microsoft.com, 2016). Cloud based infrastructure on the other hand makes use of the cloud computing models for the storage and management of the data. The recommended approach for AWS is the cloud based infrastructure due to the following reasons and benefits: Time-to-Market As the pace of business quickly increments, while in the meantime inside IT assets stay hard to come by at most organizations, business administrators are finding a variety of cloud arrangements they can undoubtedly apply to their business operation without requiring the progressions to obtain, introduce and look after programming. They can basically agree to the arrangement and start utilizing it immediately. Financial matters Distributed computing brings down innovation costs in two ways. The first one is by fundamentally decreasing the requirement for IT specialists and staff. The other is by efficiencies increased through shared multi-occupant cloud situations that dispense with acquiring equipment gear and programming licenses. Moreover, numerous administrations are month-to-month without long haul contracts, permitting organizations to effortlessly apply these advancements "in the nick of time" and drop them when didn't really required. Versatility At the point when an innovation is custom-fabricated or acquired house, the IT administrators must form a framework that can withstand the most astounding purpose of utilization or they hazard their notoriety not having the capacity to convey at crest times. Conversely, cloud benefits commonly take into consideration on-interest versatility for crest times or managed periods. IT no more needs to over-architect arrangements and foundation or penance nature of administration. Strengthening Cloud arrangements commonly have an electronic interface for clients. They can be gotten to by representatives, clients and accomplices regardless of where they are. With a distributed computing database, everybody gets the chance to work with the same arrangement of data and spreadsheet turmoil is a thing of a past (Caspio Blog, 2011). Best Practices To the degree that legitimate administration suppliers are used, clients can be guaranteed that best practices as far as security, unwavering quality, and observing are set up. The evaluation of administration offered by driving cloud merchants is costly and hard to actualize all alone. Practice environmental safety Notwithstanding the greater part of the business advantages, distributed computing is about virtualization, multi-occupancy, and shared assets that give more support of the measure of vitality used when contrasted with in-house, single inhabitant arrangements. Dispose of Code To wrap things up, you don't generally should be a coder. The business clients can consider and drive their own particular prerequisites and components; everything from database reports, web frames, process endorsements, dashboards, and even versatile applications. Private Cloud Amazon is expanded to a huge area and has wide business all around. It is recommended to use a private cloud for implementing the solution as it would help the business owners to take care of the following aspects in a much easier way: Cloud security features and measures can be easily implemented with the help of a private cloud. Measures such as data protection and access controls along with authentication and authorized access are also simpler to implement. The databases are also easy to use and bring in application. Several NoSQL databases are suggested for the storage and management of the data and the documents. There is also reduced hardware need and technical assistance that is involved in the process (Techsoup.org, 2016). Involvement of Automation In a universe of most extreme productivity, server farm chairmen basically don't have room schedule-wise to arrange and convey cutting edges on an individual premise. With pre-assembled layouts, managers control whole server farm edge arrangements from one focal console (Automation in cloud, 2016). The chosen infrastructure can be easily utilized to incorporate the automation changes that are necessary to be implemented in the tasks such as those of order handling, inventory control, stock management, customer feedback and catalog information. Conclusion Amazon web services are a vast business and a lot many web applications and services are implemented which are provided by Amazon.com. Service oriented computing has been recommended as a infrastructure for these which comprises of Services, Messaging, Complex Event Processing, Message Transformation, Message Security, Message Control and Service Re-use as the proposed features of the infrastructure. These can be easily implemented with the use of service repositories, message protocols and programs, PDPs and activity monitors. Private cloud can be utilized for the implementation work as there are a lot many services that are present under it and the implementation of them on a hybrid or public cloud could result in many threats to the security of these services and the data that is present within them. The budget constraints can easily be met with the implementation of Amazon services over a private cloud through the use of service oriented computing and its infrastructure. There ar e several advantages that come along with the service oriented computing such as easy maintenance, improved reliability and increased availability of the services with an easy implementation as well. Complex service management and higher administrative costs are some of the disadvantages that are present with this paradigm and the countermeasures to avoid and handle the same are also present. References Automation in cloud, (2016). [online] Available at: https://In a world of maximum efficiency, data center administrators simply dont have the time to configure and deploy blades on an individual basis. With pre-built templates, administrators control entire data center blade deployments from one central console. [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Caspio Blog. (2011). Top Benefits of Database Cloud Computing. [online] Available at: https://blog.caspio.com/paas-in-action/top-benefits-of-database-cloud-computing/ [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Johnson, N. and Johnson, N. (2016). The Disadvantages of Service-Oriented Architecture | eHow. [online] eHow. Available at: https://www.ehow.com/facts_7261271_disadvantages-service-oriented-architecture.html [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Kunz, P. (2016). Service-Oriented Computing - Introduction to the Special Theme. [online] Ercim-news.ercim.eu. Available at: https://ercim-news.ercim.eu/en70/special/service-oriented-computing-introduction-to-the-special-theme [Accessed 27 May 2016]. microsoft.com, (2016). [online] Available at: https://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gray/papers/CacmParallelDB.pdf [Accessed 27 May 2016]. MIT Press, (2016). [online] Available at: https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/content/9780262072960_sch_0001.pdf [Accessed 27 May 2016]. opengroup, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.opengroup.org/soa/source-book/soa/soa_features.htm [Accessed 27 May 2016]. SearchITChannel. (2016). Service-oriented computing: Goals and benefits. [online] Available at: https://searchitchannel.techtarget.com/feature/Service-oriented-computing-Goals-and-benefits [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Takale, S. (2016). Advantages and Disadvantages of Service-oriented Architecture (SOA). [online] Buzzle. Available at: https://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-service-oriented-architecture-soa.html [Accessed 27 May 2016]. Techsoup.org. (2016). What Are the Benefits and Drawbacks of Cloud Computing?. [online] Available at: https://www.techsoup.org/support/articles-and-how-tos/what-are-the-benefits-and-drawbacks-of-cloud-computing [Accessed 27 May 2016]. WhatIs.com. (2016). What is Amazon Web Services (AWS)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Amazon-Web-Services-AWS [Accessed 27 May 2016].

Watson And Crick Essays - Sigma Xi, Nucleic Acids,

Watson And Crick James Watson and Francis Crick James Watson is a biochemist and Nobel laureate. He attended school at the University of Indiana, after graduating from the university he joined of the faculty at Harvard University. Before joining the faculty at Harvard he did postgraduate work with Francis Crick in the Cavendish lab, at the University of Cambridge. Watson and Crick worked out the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule. This is a substance that transmits the genetic characteristics from one generation to the next. They both thought that it should be possible to correctly guess its structure, given the experimental evidence of Kings College. They also thought they could figure out the possible stereochemical configurations of polynucleotide chains. They did there first serious effort, in the late fall of 1951 and it turned out to be unsatisfactory. On their second effort they had more experimental evidence, and put more appreciation into the nucleic acid literature. Watson not only worked on the DNA structure he also did some work with Alexander Rich on the RNA. Another one of Watsons experiments was the structure of TMV, using X-ray diffraction techniques. This was to see if chemical sub-units, were helically arranged. This was achieved in 1952, when use of the Cavendishs newly constructed rotating anode X-ray tubes allowed an unambiguous demonstration of the helical construction of the virus. Watson and Crick have helped the world in more ways than one. By experimenting with DNA they have helped us to figure out human genetic questions. Their experiments also can lead into other things, such as maybe cloning the human DNA strand. Science Essays

Guidelines for Starting a Genealogy Business

Guidelines for Starting a Genealogy Business I often receive emails from genealogists who find that they love family history so much that theyd like to turn it into a career. But how? Can you really earn a living doing what you love? The answer is, sure! If you have strong genealogical research and organizational skills and a keen sense for business, you can earn money working in the family history field. As with any business venture, however, you will need to prepare.   Do You Have What it Takes? Perhaps youve researched your own family tree for a few years, taken a few classes, and maybe have even done some research for friends. But does this mean youre ready to earn money as a genealogist? That depends. The first step is to evaluate your qualifications and skills. How many years have you been seriously involved with genealogy research? How strong are your methodology skills? Are you familiar with properly citing sources, creating abstracts and extracts, and the genealogical proof standard? Do you belong to and participate in genealogical societies? Are you able to write a clear and concise research report? Evaluate your professional preparedness by taking stock of your strengths and weaknesses.   Bone Up On Your Skills Follow up your evaluation of your strengths and weaknesses with education in the form of classes, conferences and professional reading to fill in any holes in your knowledge or experience. Id suggest putting Professional Genealogy: A Manual for Researchers, Writers, Editors, Lecturers and Librarians (edited by Elizabeth Shown Mills, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2001) at the top of your reading list! I also recommend joining the Association of Professional Genealogists and/or other professional organizations so that you can benefit from the experience and wisdom of other genealogy professionals. They also offer a two-day Professional Management Conference (PMC) each year in conjunction with the Federation of Genealogical Societies conference which covers topics specifically geared to genealogists working in their profession.   Consider Your Goal Making a living as a genealogist can mean a lot of different things to a lot of different people. Besides the standard genealogical research conducted for individuals, you can also specialize in finding missing people for the military or other organizations, working as a probate or heir searcher, offering on-site photography, writing articles or books for the popular press, conducting family history interviews, designing and running Web sites for genealogical societies and organizations, or writing or assembling family histories. Use your experience and interests to help choose a niche for your genealogical business. You can choose more than one, but it is also good not to spread yourself too thin.   Create a Business Plan Many genealogists consider their work a hobby and dont feel that it warrants anything as serious or formal as a business plan. Or that it is only important if youre applying for a grant or a loan. But if youre planning to make a living from your genealogy skills, you need to begin by taking them seriously. A good mission statement and business plan sums up the path we plan to follow, and helps us to succinctly explain our services to prospective clients. A good business plan includes the following: an executive summary overviewing the business name and location, your name and experience, and the mission statement.a list of products and services offered by your businessa description and analysis of the genealogy industry, including the local competition and its experience, services, pricing structure, and their length of time in business.a marketing strategy including anything which makes our service unique (such as location near a valuable genealogical repository or any unusual experience) and a description of the pricing for our services. More: Business Plan Basics   Set Realistic Fees One of the most common questions asked by genealogists just starting out in business for themselves is how much to charge. As you might expect, there is no clear cut answer. Basically, your hourly rate should take into account your level of experience; the profit you hope to realize from your business as it relates to the amount of time you can devote to your business each week; the local market and competition; and the start-up and operating expenses you plan to incur. Dont sell yourself short by undercutting what your time and experience is worth, but also dont charge more than the market will bear.   Stock Up on Supplies The nice thing about a genealogy-based business is you typically wont have a lot of overhead. You most likely already have many of the things you will need if you love genealogy enough to want to pursue it as a career. A computer and Internet access is helpful, along with subscriptions to major genealogy Web sites especially those that cover your primary areas of interest. A good car or other transportation to get you to the courthouse, FHC, library, and other repositories. A filing drawer or cabinet to house your client files. Office supplies for organization, correspondence, etc.   Market Your Business I could write an entire book (or at least a chapter) on marketing your genealogy business. Instead, Ill just point you to the chapter on Marketing Strategies by Elizabeth Kelley Kerstens, CG in Professional Genealogy. In it she covers all aspects of marketing, including researching the competition, creating business cards and flyers, putting up a Web site for your genealogy business, and other marketing strategies. I have two tips for you: 1) Check the membership roster of APG and local societies to find other genealogists who are working in your geographic location or area of expertise. 2) Contact libraries, archives and genealogical societies in your area and ask to be added to their list of genealogical researchers.   Next Certification, Client Reports, Other Skills Starting a Genealogy Business, page 1 Get Certified While it isnt necessary to work in the genealogy field, certification in genealogy provides validation of your research skills and helps assure a client that you are producing quality research and writing and that your credentials are backed by a professional body. In the U.S., two major groups offer professional testing and credentialing for genealogists - the Board for Certification of Genealogists (BCG) and the International Commission for the Accreditation of Professional Genealogists (ICAPGen). Similar organizations exist in other countries.   Further Requirements There are a variety of other skills and requirements that go into operating a genealogy business that arent covered in this introductory article. As an independent contractor or sole proprietor, youll need to familiarize yourself with the financial and legal ramifications of operating your own business. You will also need to learn how to develop a contract, write a good client report and keep track of your time and expenses. Suggestions for further research and education on these and other topics include connecting with other professional genealogists, attending the APG PMC conference discussed previously, or enrolling in a ProGen Study Group, which employs an innovative method of collaborative learning focused on developing genealogical research skills and business practices. You dont need to do it all at once, but you will also want to be adequately prepared before you start out. Professionalism is critical in the field of genealogy and once youve damaged your professional credibil ity through shoddy work or disorganization, its hard to repair. Kimberly Powell, About.coms Genealogy expert since 2000, is a professional genealogist, past president of the Association of Professional Genealogists, and  author of The Everything Guide to Online Genealogy, 3rd Edition. Click here for more information on Kimberly Powell.

The building of the interstate highway system Research Paper

The building of the interstate highway system - Research Paper Example These civil rights were granted during the Fourteenth and the Fifteenth amendments were done to the US Constitution. There were also continued struggles during the following century to effectively secure federal protection in regard to the granted rights (Green and Harold 3). These struggles used various ways to express what they actually wanted by use of nonviolent protests. It was during the periods of between the 1950s and the 1960s when the civil rights movements attained the abolishment of race discrimination in public facilities in the south that they were more motivated to continue with their struggles. This was a breakthrough since they had achieved the equal-rights legislation basically for the African Americans. This was a humongous achievement since the 1865-1877 periods that was referred to as the Reconstruction period. The passage of the fundamental civil rights legislation in 1964 and 1965 did not deter the civil movements even though the passages were victorious to the m. The militant black activists perceived their struggle as being a liberation or freedom movement that was meant not just to seek civil rights reforms but also they were to confront the enduring cultural, economic, and political consequences of the past racial oppression (Banting 4). The American Civil Rights Movement Historical Framework of Development Abolitionism to Jim Crow: It is evident that the American history is marked by determined and persistent efforts that have led to the expansion of the inclusiveness and the scope of civil rights. Recent research has show that despite equal rights being elaborately outlined in the United States founding documents, a lot of new inhabitant’s in the country were denied the essential rights. Indentured servants and African slaves were not accorded the inalienable right to pursuit of happiness, liberty and life that the British colonists utilized to validate their Declaration of the American Independence. They were also not include d among the people of the US who had established the US Constitution for the purposes of promoting general welfare and securing the noble Blessings of the people of America and their posterity. The US Constitution instead only protected slavery through the allowance of slaves’ importation until 1808 and it also provided for the return of slaves that had escaped to the other states (Adamson 11). Research also elaborately shows that as the US effectively expanded its boundaries, the Native American people resisted absorption and conquest. The individual states determined the majority of the American citizens’ rights by limiting generally the voting rights that only allowed the white property-owning males. The other rights that individual states determined were the right to serve on juries and the right to own land. The Native American people were denied all these rights on the basis of gender or racial distinctions. Only a small portion of the African Americans lived out side the system of slavery but those who were referred to as free blacks endured enforced segregation as well as racial discrimination. Although there were slaves who rebelled violently against enslavement, other subordinated groups and the African Americans usually used nonviolent means. These nonviolent means included pleas, protests, legal challenges and various petitions that were addressed to the government officials and they also used massive and sustained civil

Natural science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Natural science - Essay Example This virus is closely associated to HIV-1. It is known as HIV-2. HIV-2 is mostly present in Africa however HIV-1 is present all over the world. This infection consists of three stages. In the first stage severe retroviral syndrome along with asymptomatic period occurs. This is the exactly like influenza or like mononucleosis that a good number people get in six to twelve weeks after acquiring the infection. It generally finishes without any treatment at all. It is at this point that a patients' blood test for HIV comes out positive. Symptomatic HIV infection is known as the second stage of AIDS. In this stage symptoms start to become prominent. This stage can be as long as a few months or even a few years. AIDS is the last stage. In this stage the immune system gets badly damaged and other opportunistic diseases infect the patient. This collapse of the immune system leads the patient top his death in just a few years. HIV causes a decline in the health and most of time even death. The virus is an extremely dangerously severely infects both the brain and the nervous system. It could cause dementia; dementia is an illness which is related sensory, thinking, or memory disorder. Brain infection might result in problems related to movement or coordination. HIV may have infected the diesel for two to twelve years without exhibiting any symptoms. This virus is transferable to other person symptoms regardless of the symptoms. As soon as HIV catches speed, a lot of symptoms begin to show up. The symptoms consists of mysterious fever, exhaustion, diarrhea, serve loss of weight, enlargement of the lymph glands, loss of hunger mouth and vagina's yeast infections, night sweats which may last more than a number of weeks, problems in breathing , dry cough, bad throat due to the swelling of glands, chills, and shivering. Other symptoms include flat or raised spots or bumps of Pink or purple, color which occur under the skin, in the oral cavity, nose, eyelids or rectum. They look like bruises, however they don't fade away. The skin around the bruises is not as hard as the bruises themselves. Another symptom is Spots or odd blemishes which are White in color start to occur in the mouth. HIV can be transmitted via 3 ways. One very common way is by means of unprotected sex (oral, virginal or anal). The most dangerous kind of sex which transmits this virus is anal sex as the anus does not stretch. The second way this virus can be transmitted is through direct contact with blood that is already infected with the virus. There are a number of ways of in which the virus can be transmitted via direct contact with blood that is already infected with HIV. The third way in which this virus is transited is when pregnant women is infected by this virus and transmits it to her fetus. Development After 6 years in 1987 a new treatment came into being this is known as the first big step in the direction of curing HIV and AIDS virus. The drug that was found was Retrovir (AZT, Zidovudine) and it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and was immediately used to treat patients with HIV. In 1992, the first drug which was to be utilized with zidovudine was also approved by Food and Drug Administration. This combination of drugs was called Hivid; this was the start of HIV combination therapies. In the year 1996

Automobile Scenario of India Essay Example for Free

Automobile Scenario of India Essay The Automotive industry in India is one of the largest in the world and one of the fastest growing globally. India manufactures over 17. 5 million vehicles (including 2 wheeled and 4 wheeled) and exports about 2. 33 million every year. It is the worlds second largest manufacturer of motorcycles, with annual sales exceeding 8. 5 million in 2009. Indias passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturing industry is the seventh largest in the world, with an annual production of more than 3. 7 million units in 2010. According to recent reports, India is set to overtake Brazil to become the sixth largest passenger vehicle producer in the world, growing 16-18 per cent to sell around three million units in the course of 2011-12 In 2009, India emerged as Asias fourth largest exporter of passenger cars, behind Japan, South Korea, and Thailand. As of 2010, India is home to 40 million passenger vehicles and more than 3. 7 million automotive vehicles were produced in India in 2010 (an increase of 33. 9%), making the country the second fastest growing automobile market in the world. According to the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, annual car sales are projected to increase up to 5 million vehicles by 2015 and more than 9 million by 2020. By 2050, the country is expected to top the world in car volumes with approximately 611 million vehicles on the nations roads. The dominant products of the industry are two wheelers with a market share of over 75% and passenger cars with a market share of about 16%. Commercial vehicles and three wheelers share about 9% of the market between them. About 91% of the vehicles sold are used by households and only about 9% for commercial purposes. The industry has attained a turnover of more than USD 35 billion and provides direct and indirect employment to over 13 million people. The supply chain of this industry in India is very similar to the supply chain of the automotive industry in Europe and America. This may present its own set of opportunities and threats. The orders of the industry arise from the bottom of the supply chain i. e. , from the consumers and go through the automakers and climbs up until the third tier suppliers. However the products, as channeled in every traditional automotive industry, flow from the top of the supply chain to reach the consumers. Interestingly, the level of trade exports in this sector in India has been medium and imports have been low. However, this is rapidly changing and both exports and imports are increasing. The demand determinants of the industry are factors like affordability, product innovation, infrastructure and price of fuel. Also, the basis of competition in the sector is high and increasing, and its life cycle stage is growth. With a rapidly growing middle class, all the advantages of this sector in India are yet to be leveraged. Note that, with a high cost of developing production facilities, limited accessibility to new technology and soaring competition, the barriers to enter the Indian Automotive sector are high. On the other hand, India has a well-developed tax structure. The power to levy taxes and duties is distributed among the three tiers of Government. The cost structure of the industry is fairly traditional, but the profitability of motor vehicle manufacturers has been rising over the past five years. Major players, like Tata Motors and Maruti Suzuki have material cost of about 80% but are recording profits after tax of about 6% to 11%. The level of technology change in the Motor vehicle Industry has been high but, the rate of change in technology has been medium. Investment in the technology by the producers has been high. System-suppliers of integrated components and sub-systems have become the order of the day. However, further investment in new technologies will help the industry be more competitive. Over the past few years, the industry has been volatile. Currently, India’s increasing per capita disposable income which is expected to rise by 106% by 2015 and growth in exports is playing a major role in the rise and competitiveness of the industry. Tata Motors is leading the commercial vehicle segment with a market share of about 64%. Maruti Suzuki is leading the passenger vehicle segment with a market share of 46%. [18] Hyundai Motor India and Mahindra and Mahindra are focusing expanding their footprint in the overseas market. Hero Honda Motors is occupying over 41% and sharing 26%[18] of the two wheeler market in India with Bajaj Auto. Bajaj Auto in itself is occupying about 58% of the three wheeler market. Consumers are very important of the survival of the Motor Vehicle manufacturing industry. In 2008-09, customer sentiment dropped, which burned on the augmentation in demand of cars. Steel is the major input used by manufacturers and the rise in price of steel is putting a cost pressure on manufacturers and cost is getting transferred to the end consumer. The price of oil and petrol affect the driving habits of consumers and the type of car they buy. The key to success in the industry is to improve labour productivity, labour flexibility, and capital efficiency. Having quality manpower, infrastructure improvements, and raw material availability also play a major role. Access to latest and most efficient technology and techniques will bring competitive advantage to the major players. Utilising manufacturing plants to optimum level and understanding implications from the government policies are the essentials in the Automotive Industry of India. Both, Industry and Indian Government are obligated to intervene the Indian Automotive industry. The Indian government should facilitate infrastructure creation, create favourable and predictable business environment, attract investment and promote research and development. The role of Industry will primarily be in designing and manufacturing products of world-class quality establishing cost competitiveness and improving productivity in labour and in capital. With a combined effort, the Indian Automotive industry will emerge as the destination of choice in the world for design and manufacturing of automobiles. History The first car ran on Indias roads in 1897. Until the 1930s, cars were imported directly, but in very small numbers. Embryonic automotive industry emerged in India in the 1940s. Mahindra Mahindra was established by two brothers as a trading company in 1945, and began assembly of Jeep CJ-3A utility vehicles under license from Willys The Company soon branched out into the manufacture of light commercial vehicles (LCVs) and agricultural tractors. Following the independence, in 1947, the Government of India and the private sector launched efforts to create an automotive component manufacturing industry to supply to the automobile industry. However, the growth was relatively slow in the 1950s and 1960s due to nationalisation and the license raj which hampered the Indian private sector. After 1970, the automotive industry started to grow, but the growth was mainly driven by tractors, commercial vehicles and scooters. Cars were still a major luxury. Japanese manufacturers entered the Indian market ultimately leading to the establishment of Maruti Udyog. A number of foreign firms initiated joint ventures with Indian companies. In the 1980s, a number of Japanese manufacturers launched joint-ventures for building motorcycles and light commercial-vehicles. It was at this time that the Indian government chose Suzuki for its joint-venture to manufacture small cars. Following the economic liberalisation in 1991 and the gradual weakening of the license raj, a number of Indian and multi-national car companies launched operations. Since then, automotive component and automobile manufacturing growth has accelerated to meet domestic and export demands. [21] Following economic liberalization in India in 1991, the Indian automotive industry has demonstrated sustained growth as a result of increased competitiveness and relaxed restrictions. Several Indian automobile manufacturers such as Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki and Mahindra and Mahindra, expanded their domestic and international operations. Indias robust economic growth led to the further expansion of its domestic automobile market which has attracted significant India-specific investment by multinational automobile manufacturers. [22] In February 2009, monthly sales of passenger cars in India exceeded 100,000 units[23] and has since grown rapidly to a record monthly high of 182,992 units in October 2009. [24] Objectives of study: Since the Auto Component industry is growing substantially, it is very important to know and identify how the industry is growing and creating its own place in the industrial sector helping the economy to grow. So the objectives of the study are: 1. To understand and analyse the current status of Indian Automobile Industry. 2. To Analyse the trends in the automobile industry in India. 3. To study the growth potential and challenges faced by automobile industry in India. Market and its Growth. The automotive industry of India is categorized into passenger cars, two wheelers, commercial vehicles and three wheelers, with two wheelers dominating the market. More than 75% of the vehicles sold are two wheelers. Nearly 59% of these two wheelers sold were motorcycles and about 12% were scooters. Mopeds occupy a small portion in the two wheeler market however; electric two wheelers are yet to penetrate. The passenger vehicles are further categorized into passenger cars, utility vehicles and multi-purpose vehicles. All sedan, hatchback, station wagon and sports cars fall under passenger cars. Tata Nano, is the world’s cheapest passenger car, manufactured by Tata Motors a leading automaker of India. Multi-purpose vehicles or people-carriers are similar in shape to a van and are taller than a sedan, hatchback or a station wagon, and are designed for maximum interior room. Utility vehicles are designed for specific tasks. The passenger vehicles manufacturing account for about 15% of the market in India. Commercial vehicles are categorized into heavy, medium and light. They account for about 5% of the market. Three wheelers are categorized into passenger carriers and goods carriers. Three wheelers account for about 4% of the market in India. Domestic Market Share for 2010-11(%)| Passenger Vehicles| 16. 25| Commercial Vehicles| 4. 36| Three Wheelers| 3. 39| Two Wheelers| 76. 00| Source: Society of Indian Automotive Manufacturing (SIAM) GROSS TURNOVER OF THE AUTOMOBILEINDUSTRY IN INDIA| Year| (IN USD MILLION)| 2004-05| 20,896| 2005-06| 27,011| 2006-07| 34,285| 2007-08| 36,612| 2008-09| 38,238| The production of automobiles has greatly increased in the last decade. Automobile Production. Automobile Production Trends (Number of Vehicles)| Category| 2004-05| 2005-06| 2006-07| 2007-08| 2008-09| 2009-10| 2010-11| Passenger Vehicles| 1,209,876| 1,309,300| 1,545,223| 1,777,583| 1,838,593| 2,357,411 | 2,987,296 | Commercial Vehicles| 353,703| 391,083| 519,982| 549,006| 416,870| 567,556 | 752,735 | Three Wheelers| 374,445| 434,423| 556,126| 500,660| 497,020| 619,194 | 799,553 | Two Wheelers| 6,529,829| 7,608,697| 8,466,666| 8,026,681| 8,419,792| 10,512,903 | 13,376,451 | Grand Total| 8,467,853| 9,743,503| 11,087,997| 10,853,930| 11,172,275| 14,057,064 | 17,916,035 | Automobile Sales. Automobile Domestic Sales Trends(Number of Vehicles)| Category| 2004-05| 2005-06| 2006-07| 2007-08| 2008-09| 2009-10| 2010-11| Passenger Vehicles| 1,061,572| 1,143,076| 1,379,979| 1,549,882| 1,552,703| 1,951,333 | 2,520,421 | Commercial Vehicles| 318,430| 351,041| 467,765| 490,494| 384,194| 532,721 | 676,408 | Three Wheelers| 307,862| 359,920| 403,910| 364,781| 349,727| 440,392 | 526,022 | Two Wheelers| 6,209,765| 7,052,391| 7,872,334| 7,249,278| 7,437,619| 9,370,951 | 11,790,305 | Grand Total| 7,897,629| 8,906,428| 10,123,988| 9,654,435| 9,724,243| 12,295,397 | 15,513,156 |. Automobile Exports Automobile Exports Trends(Number of Vehicles)| Category| 2004-05| 2005-06| 2006-07| 2007-08| 2008-09| 2009-10| 2010-11| Passenger Vehicles| 166,402| 175,572| 198,452| 218,401| 335,729| 446,145 | 453,479 | Commercial Vehicles| 29,940| 40,600| 49,537| 58,994| 42,625| 45,009 | 76,297 | Three Wheelers| 66,795| 76,881| 143,896| 141,225| 148,066| 173,214 | 269,967 | Two Wheelers| 366,407| 513,169| 619,644| 819,713| 1,004,174| 1,140,058 | 1,539,590 | Grand Total| 629,544| 806,222| 1,011,529| 1,238,333| 1,530,594| 1,804,426 | 2,339,333 | Supply Chain of Automobile Industry. The supply chain of automotive industry in India is very similar to the supply chain of the automotive industry in Europe and America. The orders of the industry arise from the bottom of the supply chain i. e. , from the consumers and go through the automakers and climbs up until the third tier suppliers. However the products, as channelled in every traditional automotive industry, flow from the top of the supply chain to reach the consumers. Automakers in India are the key to the supply chain and are responsible for the products and innovation in the industry. The description and the role of each of the contributors to the supply chain are discussed below. Third Tier Suppliers: These companies provide basic products like rubber, glass, steel, plastic and aluminium to the second tier suppliers. Second Tier Suppliers: These companies design vehicle systems or bodies for First Tier Suppliers and OEMs( Original Equipment Manufacturers). They work on designs provided by the first tier suppliers or OEMs. They also provide engineering resources for detailed designs. Some of their services may include welding, fabrication, shearing, bending etc. First Tier Suppliers: These companies provide major systems directly to assemblers. These companies have global coverage, in order to follow their customers to various locations around the world. They design and innovate in order to provide â€Å"black-box† solutions for the requirements of their customers. Black-box solutions are solutions created by suppliers using their own technology to meet the performance and interface requirements set by assemblers. First tier suppliers are responsible not only for the assembly of parts into complete units like dashboard, breaks-axel-suspension, seats, or cockpit but also for the management of second-tier suppliers. Automakers/Vehicle Manufacturers/Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs): After researching consumers’ wants and needs, automakers begin designing models which are tailored to consumers’ demands. The design process normally takes five years. These companies have manufacturing units where engines are manufactured and parts supplied by first tier suppliers and second tier suppliers are assembled. Automakers are the key to the supply chain of the automotive industry. Examples of these companies are Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki, Toyota, and Honda. Innovation, design capability and branding are the main focus of these companies. Dealers: Once the vehicles are ready they are shipped to the regional branch and from there, to the authorised dealers of the companies. The dealers then sell the vehicles to the end customers. Parts and Accessory: These companies provide products like tires, windshields, and air bags etc. to automakers and dealers or directly to customers. Service Providers: Some of the services to the customers include servicing of vehicles, repairing parts, or financing of vehicles. Many dealers provide these services but, customers can also choose to go to independent service providers. Indian automotive companies †¢Chinkara Motors: Beachster, Hammer, Roadster 1. 8S, Rockster, Jeepster, Sailster †¢Hindustan Motors: Ambassador †¢ICML: Rhino Rx †¢Mahindra: Major, Xylo, Scorpio, Bolero, Thar, Verito, Genio †¢Premier Automobiles Limited: Sigma, RiO †¢San Motors: Storm Tata Motors: Nano, Indica, Indica Vista, Indigo, Indigo Manza, Indigo CS, Sumo, Venture, Safari, Xenon, Aria. Foreign automotive companies in India Vehicles manufactured or assembled in India †¢BMW India: 3 Series, 5 Series, X1. †¢Fiat India (in collaboration with Tata Motors): Grande Punto, Linea. †¢Ford India: Figo, Ikon, Fiesta, Endeavour. †¢General Motors India †¢Chevrolet: Spark, Beat, Aveo U-VA, Aveo, Optra, Cruze, Tavera. †¢Honda Siel: Jazz, City, Civic, Accord. †¢Hyundai Motor India:Santro, i10, i20, Accent, Verna Transform, Sonata Transform. †¢Land Rover:Freelander 2 †¢Maruti Suzuki: 800, Alto, WagonR, Estilo, A-star, Ritz, Swift, Swift DZire, SX4, Omni, Versa, Eeco, Gypsy. †¢Mercedes-Benz India: C-Class, E-Class. †¢Mitsubishi[80] (in collaboration with Hindustan Motors): Lancer, Lancer Cedia, Pajero †¢Nissan Motor India: Micra. †¢Renault India:Fluence †¢Toyota Kirloskar: Etios, Corolla, Innova. †¢Volkswagen Group Sales India: †¢Audi India: A4, A6, Q5. †¢Skoda Auto India: Fabia, Laura, Superb, Yeti. †¢Volkswagen India: Polo, Vento, Jetta, Passat. Opel was present in India until 2006. As of 2011, Opel only provides spare parts and vehicle servicing to existing Opel vehicle owners. Vehicles brought into India as CBUs †¢Aston Martin: Vantage, Rapide, Virage, DB9, DBS, One-77. †¢Audi: A7, A8, S4, S6, S8, Q7, TT, R8, RS5. †¢Bentley: Arnage, Azure, Brooklands, Continental GT, Continental Flying Spur, Mulsanne. †¢BMW: 5 Series GT, 6 Series, 7 Series, X3, X5, X6, X6 M, M3, M5, M6 and Z4. †¢Bugatti: Veyron. †¢Chevrolet: Captiva. †¢Ferrari: California, 458 Italia, 599 GTB Fiorano, FF. †¢Fiat: 500, Bravo. †¢General Motors: Hummer H2, Hummer H3. †¢Honda: Civic Hybrid, CR-V. †¢Hyundai: Santa Fe. †¢Jaguar: XF, XJ, XK. †¢Koenigsegg: CCX, CCXR, Agera. †¢Lamborghini: Gallardo, Murcielago. †¢Land Rover: Discovery 4, Range Rover, Range Rover Sport. †¢Maserat: Quattroporte, GranTurismo, GranCabrio. †¢Maybach: 57 and 62. †¢Mercedes-Benz: CL-Class, GL-Class, M-Class, R-Class, CLS-Class, S-Class, SL-Class, SLK-Class, Viano, G-Class, SLS. †¢Mitsubishi: Montero, Outlander, Evo X. †¢Nissan: Teana, X-Trail, 370Z, GT-R. †¢Porsche: 997, Boxster, Panamera, Cayman, Cayenne, Carrera GT. †¢Rolls Royce: Ghost, Phantom, Phantom Coupe, Phantom Drophead Coupe. †¢Skoda: Yeti, Superb. †¢Suzuki: Grand Vitara, Kizashi. †¢Toyota: Prius, Camry, Fortuner*, Land Cruiser, Land Cruiser Prado. †¢Volkswagen: Beetle, Tiguan, Touareg, Phaeton. †¢Volvo: S60, S80, XC60, XC90. *Toyota Fortuner is imported as a CKD kit from Toyota Motor Thailand Commercial vehicle manufacturers in India Indian brands †¢Force †¢Hindustan Motors †¢Premier †¢Tata †¢AMW †¢Eicher Motors Joint Venture Brands †¢VE Commercial Vehicles Limited VE Commercial Vehicles limited A JV between Volvo Groups Eicher Motors Limited. †¢Ashok Leyland- originally a JV between Ashok Motors and Leyland Motors, now 51% owned by Hinduja Group †¢Mahindra Navistar a 51:49 JV between Mahindra Group and Navistar International †¢Swaraj Mazda originally a JV between Punjab Tractors and Mazda, now 53. 5% owned by Sumitomo Group †¢Kamaz Vectra A JV between Russias KaMAZ and the Vectra Group Foreign brands †¢Volvo †¢Tatra. †¢MAN as a JV with Force Motors, makes MAN Trucks in India †¢Mercedes-Benz sells luxury buses in India †¢Daimler AG manufactures BharatBenz, a brand of trucks based on the Fuso and the Mercedes Benz truck platforms, which Daimler AG owns †¢Scania †¢Iveco †¢Hino †¢Isuzu †¢Piaggio †¢Caterpillar Inc. Electric car manufacturers in India †¢Ajanta Group †¢Mahindra †¢Hero Electric †¢REVA †¢Tara International †¢Tata Opel was present in India until 2006. As of 2011, Opel only provides spare parts and vehicle servicing to existing Opel vehicle owners.. *Toyota Fortuner is imported as a CKD kit from Toyota Motor Thailand. Market Characteristics Market Size The Indian Automotive Industry after de-licensing in July 1991 has grown at a spectacular rate on an average of 17% for last few years. The industry has attained a turnover of USD 35. 8 billion, (INR 165,000 crores) and an investment of USD 10. 9 billion. The industry has provided direct and indirect employment to 13. 1 million people. Automobile industry is currently contributing about 5% of the total GDP of India. India’s current GDP is about USD 650 billion and is expected to grow to USD 1,390 billion by 2016. The projected size in 2016 of the Indian automotive industry varies between USD 122 billion and UDS 159 billion including USD 35 billion in exports. This translates into a contribution of 10% to 11% towards India’s GDP by 2016, which is more than double the current contribution. Demand Determinants Determinants of demand for this industry include vehicle prices (which are determined largely by wage, material and equipment costs) and exchange rates, preferences, the running cost of a vehicle (mainly determined by the price of petrol), income, interest rates, scrapping rates, and product innovation. Exchange Rate: Movement in the value of Rupee determines the attractiveness of Indian products overseas and the price of import for domestic consumption. Affordability: Movement in income and interest rates determine the affordability of new motor vehicles. Allowing unrestricted Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) led to increase in competition in the domestic market hence, making better vehicles available at affordable prices. Product Innovation is an important determinant as it allows better models to be available each year and also encourages manufacturing of environmental friendly cars. Demographics: It is evident that high population of India has been one of the major reasons for large size of automobile industry in India. Factors that may be augment demand include rising population and an increasing proportion of young persons in the population that will be more inclined to use and replace cars. Also, increase in people with lesser dependency on traditional single family income structure is likely to add value to vehicle demand. Infrastructure: Longer-term determinants of demand include development in Indian’s infrastructure. India’s banking giant State Bank of India and Australia’s Macquarie Group has launched an infrastructure fund to rise up to USD 3 billion for infrastructure improvements. India needs about $500 billion to repair its infrastructure such as ports, roads, and power units. These investments are been made with an aim to generate long-term cash flow from automobile, power, and telecom industries. Price of Petrol: Movement in oil prices also have an impact on demand for large cars in India. During periods of high fuel cost as experienced in 2007 and first –half of 2008, demand for large cars declined in favour of smaller, more fuel efficient vehicles. The changing patterns in customer preferences for smaller more fuel efficient vehicles led to the launch of Tata Motor’s Nano – one of world’s smallest and cheapest cars. Key Competitors Tata Motors:Market Share: Commercial Vehicles 63. 94%, Passenger Vehicles 16. 45%. Tata Motors Limited is India’s largest automobile company, with consolidated revenues of USD 14 billion in 2008-09. It is the leader in commercial vehicles and among the top three in passenger vehicles. Tata Motors has winning products in the compact, midsize car and utility vehicle segments. The company is the worlds fourth largest truck manufacturer, and the worlds second largest bus manufacturer with over 24,000 employees. Since first rolled out in 1954, Tata Motors as has produced and sold over 4 million vehicles in India. Maruti Suzuki India: Market Share: Passenger Vehicles 46. 07% Maruti Suzuki India Limited, a subsidiary of Suzuki Motor Corporation of Japan, is Indias largest passenger car company, accounting for over 45% of the domestic car market. The company offers a complete range of cars from entry level Maruti-800 and Alto, to stylish hatchback Ritz, A star, Swift, Wagon-R, Estillo and sedans DZire, SX4 and Sports Utility vehicle Grand Vitara. Since inception in 1983, Maruti Suzuki India has produced and sold over 10 million vehicles in India and exported over 500,000 units to Europe and other countries. The company’s revenue for the fiscal 2010-2011 stood over Rs 375,224 million and Profits After Tax at over Rs. 22,886 million. Hyundai Motor India:Market Share: Passenger Vehicles 14. 15% Hyundai Motor India Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of world’s fifth largest automobile company, Hyundai Motor Company, South Korea, and is the largest passenger car exporter. Hyundai Motor presently markets 49 variants of passenger cars across segments. These includes the Santro in the B segment, the i10, the premium hatchback i20 in the B+ segment, the Accent and the Verna in the C segment, the Sonata Transform in the E segment. Mahindra Mahindra: Market Share: Commercial Vehicles 10. 01%, Passenger Vehicles 6. 50%, Three Wheelers 1. 31% Mahindra Mahindra is mainly engaged in the Multi Utility Vehicle and Three Wheeler segments directly. The company competes in the Light Commercial Vehicle segment through its joint venture subsidiary Mahindra Navistar Automotives Limited and in the passenger car segment through another joint venture subsidiary Mahindra Renault. In the year 2009, on the domestic sales front, the Company along with its subsidiaries sold a total of 220,213 vehicles (including 44,533 three wheelers, 8,603 Light Commercial Vehicles through Mahindra Navistar Automotives and 13,423 cars through Mahindra Renault), recording a growth of 0. 6% over the previous year. Mahindra Mahindra is expanding its footprint in the overseas market. In 2009 the Xylo was launched in South Africa. The company formed a new joint venture Mahindra Automotive Australia Pty. Limited, to focus on the Australian Market. Ashok Leyland: Market Share: Commercial Vehicles 16. 47% Against the backdrop of the sharp slump in demand for commercial vehicles, during 2008-09, Ashok Leyland registered sales of 47,118 medium and heavy commercial vehicles (MHCV), 37. 5% less than in the previous year. This includes 16,049 MHCV buses and 31,069 MHCV trucks respectively, 8. 7% and 46. 3% less than in the previous year. Hero Honda Motors: Market Share: Two Wheelers 41. 35% Hero Honda has been the largest two wheeler company in the world for eight consecutive years. The company crossed the 15 million unit milestone over a 25 year span. Hero Honda sold more two wheelers than the second, third and fourth placed two-wheeler companies put together. Bajaj Auto: Market Share: Two Wheelers 26. 70%, Three Wheelers 58. 60% Bajaj Auto is ranked as the worlds fourth largest two and three wheeler manufacturer and the Bajaj brand is well-known across several countries in Latin America, Africa, Middle East, South and South East Asia. Despite falling demand in the motorcycle segment, the company has succeeded in maintaining an operating EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation) margin of 13. 6% of net sales and other operating income. From 1. 66 million motorcycles in 2007-2008, the company’s domestic sales fell by 23% to 1. 28 million units in 2008-2009. Key Success Factors The key to success in the industry is to improve labour productivity, labour flexibility, and capital efficiency. Having quality manpower, infrastructure improvements, and raw material availability also play a major role. Access to latest and most efficient technology and techniques will bring competitive advantage to the major players. Utilising manufacturing plants to optimum level and understanding implications from the government policies are the essentials in the Automotive Industry of India. Effective cost controls Close relationship with supplies and goods distribution channels. Establishment of export markets Growth of export markets Having an extensive distribution/collection network Goods distribution channels Successful industrial relations policy Ethical and tactical industrial relations Both, Industry and Indian Government are obligated to intervene the Indian Automotive industry. The Indian government should facilitate infrastructure creation, create favourable and predictable business environment, attract investment and promote research and development. The role of Industry will primarily be in designing and manufacturing products of world-class quality establishing cost competitiveness and improving productivity in labour and in capital. With a combined effort, the Indian Automotive industry will emerge as the destination of choice in the world for design and manufacturing of automobiles. Growth Potential: 1. Increasing demand for vehicles: Increase of disposal income ,easily availability of finance,invreasing consumer awareness and close linkage with global automobile trends. 2. Stable economic policies adopted by successive Governments: The Government of India has continuously made several reforms for the groeth of automobile sector in India. It has lowered the excise duties and have relaxed many policies to boost the local demand . Implemeentation of VAThas helped India to position itself as one of the leading low cost manufacturing sources . 3. Availability of low cost skilled manpower: The cost of quality manpower in India is one of the lowest in the world . Each year the huge number of engineering graduates are produced who provide their skill at comprising salaries . 4. Quality standards: Manufactured in India or â€Å"Made in India† brand is rapidly getting associated with quality. The Indian manufacturer have focussed on quality and most of the leading automobile manufacturer are ISO certified Key Challenges Faced by Indian Automobile Industry Indian auto industry is one of the most promising and growing auto industries across the world. But at this juncture the Indian auto industry is facing various challenges catering to the growing domestic market. Recently, SIAM (Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers) organized an Annual Convention in association with the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises to discuss the current scenario of the auto industry as well as to define the key challenges faced by the industry. The meeting focused to pave a way to transform challenges into business opportunities and boost the status of automotive industry in India. Some of the key challenges discussed faced by auto industry are fuel technology and nurturing talented manpower. These challenges are explained below in detail: Fuel Technology: Technology is significant and needed to ignite the growth of auto industry. Whether it’s a two-wheeler or a car, technology drives the growth. The challenge of alternative fuel technology ensures a brighter vision of the auto industry in the country. The increasing environmental pollution has become a concern for manufacturers and all associated with the industry. All of them are struggling hard to come up with a holistic and integrated approach to reduce carbon dioxide emission. Some of the initiatives to reduce the level of automotive emission include introduction of fuel-efficient cars, obligatory periodic maintenance, and inspection of automotives, designing automotives with recyclable materials, use of alternative fuels like CNG, LPG, biodiesel, and introduction of electric and hybrid cars. Car manufacturer like Maruti Suzuki has already introduced the new concept of using recyclable substance for car production in its dazzling car Maruti Suzuki A-Star. After the production of Maruti Suzuki A-Star, the company thrives to apply the same concept in all its future car models. In addition, it is believed that the Bharat IV Emission Norms are stringent and are to become mandatory in the next couple of years. The growing industry is hunting for more advanced ways and measures to meet the stringent norms. Some of the cars and other automotives may even be phased out during that period. Nurturing Talented Manpower: Manpower and human resources has always been a key growth driver in any industry including the automobile industry. Though India has a vast pool of talented and skilled professionals, the country needs initiatives and support to treasure these resources to excel in all arenas of the industries. Automobile industry is no exception and highly skilled manpower will further become the most reliable source of competitive advantage across the global as well as Indian automobile industry. More than even before creativity, innovative ideas, and expertise in different areas have become an asset these days. Talking about cars, car designers infuse their creativity in their designed car models and that’s something which attracts car customers Further to that, the industry has to foster the talent for servicing and maintenance as well.

Religious Freedom Restoration Act :: essays research papers

Religious Freedom Restoration Act In this paper I will describe the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. This Act was used to contradict the decision of the court case of Employment Division v. Smith, which allowed the government to forbid any religious act without giving a reason. The RFRA brought back the requirement that the government provide an adequate reason to forbid any religious act. The government once again had to show that the act was of compelling interest against the state. In 1993 one of the most important acts that has gone thorough Congress was passed (Religious Freedom, Map of the RFRA). This was the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) of 1993 (Religious Freedom, Map of the RFRA). This act was passed to answer the 1990 court case Employment Division v. Smith (Questions and Answers, Map of the RFRA). Employment Division v. Smith was a court case in which the issue was whether â€Å"Sacramental use of peyote by members of the Native American Church was protected under the free exercise clause of the First Amendment, which provides that ‘Congress shall make no law...prohibiting the free exercise of religion'.†(Questions and Answers, Map of the RFRA). According to Justice Scalia, â€Å"if prohibiting the exercise of religion was merely the incidental effect of a generally applicable and otherwise valid provision, the First Amendment was not offended.† (Questions and Answers, Map of the RFRA). Thus, "...the government no longer had to justify most burdens on religious exercise. The free exercise clause offered protection only if a particular religious practice was singled out for discriminatory treatment. In short, free exercise was a sub category of equal protection. This placed religious rights in an inferior position to other First Amendment rights such as freedom of speech and press." (Questions and Answers, Map of the RFRA). This court case caused a series of court cases about religious freedoms (Religious Freedom, Map of the RFRA). Congress enacted the RFRA to contradict the negative affect that court cases had recently had on religious freedoms(Religious Freedom, Map of the RFRA). The RFRA is what it states it is in the title, a restoration act(Religious Freedom, Map of the RFRA). Congress decided that in Employment Division v. Smith, "the supreme court virtually eliminated the requirement that the government justify burdens on religious exercise imposed by laws neutral toward religion and the compelling interest test as set forth in prior Federal court rulings is a workable test for striking sensible balances between religious liberty and competing prior governmental interests."(Religious Freedom, Map of the RFRA) In other words, the government did not have to have a reason to impose laws