Automobile Scenario of India Essay Example for Free

Automobile Scenario of India Essay The Automotive industry in India is one of the largest in the world and one of the fastest growing globally. India manufactures over 17. 5 million vehicles (including 2 wheeled and 4 wheeled) and exports about 2. 33 million every year. It is the worlds second largest manufacturer of motorcycles, with annual sales exceeding 8. 5 million in 2009. Indias passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturing industry is the seventh largest in the world, with an annual production of more than 3. 7 million units in 2010. According to recent reports, India is set to overtake Brazil to become the sixth largest passenger vehicle producer in the world, growing 16-18 per cent to sell around three million units in the course of 2011-12 In 2009, India emerged as Asias fourth largest exporter of passenger cars, behind Japan, South Korea, and Thailand. As of 2010, India is home to 40 million passenger vehicles and more than 3. 7 million automotive vehicles were produced in India in 2010 (an increase of 33. 9%), making the country the second fastest growing automobile market in the world. According to the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, annual car sales are projected to increase up to 5 million vehicles by 2015 and more than 9 million by 2020. By 2050, the country is expected to top the world in car volumes with approximately 611 million vehicles on the nations roads. The dominant products of the industry are two wheelers with a market share of over 75% and passenger cars with a market share of about 16%. Commercial vehicles and three wheelers share about 9% of the market between them. About 91% of the vehicles sold are used by households and only about 9% for commercial purposes. The industry has attained a turnover of more than USD 35 billion and provides direct and indirect employment to over 13 million people. The supply chain of this industry in India is very similar to the supply chain of the automotive industry in Europe and America. This may present its own set of opportunities and threats. The orders of the industry arise from the bottom of the supply chain i. e. , from the consumers and go through the automakers and climbs up until the third tier suppliers. However the products, as channeled in every traditional automotive industry, flow from the top of the supply chain to reach the consumers. Interestingly, the level of trade exports in this sector in India has been medium and imports have been low. However, this is rapidly changing and both exports and imports are increasing. The demand determinants of the industry are factors like affordability, product innovation, infrastructure and price of fuel. Also, the basis of competition in the sector is high and increasing, and its life cycle stage is growth. With a rapidly growing middle class, all the advantages of this sector in India are yet to be leveraged. Note that, with a high cost of developing production facilities, limited accessibility to new technology and soaring competition, the barriers to enter the Indian Automotive sector are high. On the other hand, India has a well-developed tax structure. The power to levy taxes and duties is distributed among the three tiers of Government. The cost structure of the industry is fairly traditional, but the profitability of motor vehicle manufacturers has been rising over the past five years. Major players, like Tata Motors and Maruti Suzuki have material cost of about 80% but are recording profits after tax of about 6% to 11%. The level of technology change in the Motor vehicle Industry has been high but, the rate of change in technology has been medium. Investment in the technology by the producers has been high. System-suppliers of integrated components and sub-systems have become the order of the day. However, further investment in new technologies will help the industry be more competitive. Over the past few years, the industry has been volatile. Currently, India’s increasing per capita disposable income which is expected to rise by 106% by 2015 and growth in exports is playing a major role in the rise and competitiveness of the industry. Tata Motors is leading the commercial vehicle segment with a market share of about 64%. Maruti Suzuki is leading the passenger vehicle segment with a market share of 46%. [18] Hyundai Motor India and Mahindra and Mahindra are focusing expanding their footprint in the overseas market. Hero Honda Motors is occupying over 41% and sharing 26%[18] of the two wheeler market in India with Bajaj Auto. Bajaj Auto in itself is occupying about 58% of the three wheeler market. Consumers are very important of the survival of the Motor Vehicle manufacturing industry. In 2008-09, customer sentiment dropped, which burned on the augmentation in demand of cars. Steel is the major input used by manufacturers and the rise in price of steel is putting a cost pressure on manufacturers and cost is getting transferred to the end consumer. The price of oil and petrol affect the driving habits of consumers and the type of car they buy. The key to success in the industry is to improve labour productivity, labour flexibility, and capital efficiency. Having quality manpower, infrastructure improvements, and raw material availability also play a major role. Access to latest and most efficient technology and techniques will bring competitive advantage to the major players. Utilising manufacturing plants to optimum level and understanding implications from the government policies are the essentials in the Automotive Industry of India. Both, Industry and Indian Government are obligated to intervene the Indian Automotive industry. The Indian government should facilitate infrastructure creation, create favourable and predictable business environment, attract investment and promote research and development. The role of Industry will primarily be in designing and manufacturing products of world-class quality establishing cost competitiveness and improving productivity in labour and in capital. With a combined effort, the Indian Automotive industry will emerge as the destination of choice in the world for design and manufacturing of automobiles. History The first car ran on Indias roads in 1897. Until the 1930s, cars were imported directly, but in very small numbers. Embryonic automotive industry emerged in India in the 1940s. Mahindra Mahindra was established by two brothers as a trading company in 1945, and began assembly of Jeep CJ-3A utility vehicles under license from Willys The Company soon branched out into the manufacture of light commercial vehicles (LCVs) and agricultural tractors. Following the independence, in 1947, the Government of India and the private sector launched efforts to create an automotive component manufacturing industry to supply to the automobile industry. However, the growth was relatively slow in the 1950s and 1960s due to nationalisation and the license raj which hampered the Indian private sector. After 1970, the automotive industry started to grow, but the growth was mainly driven by tractors, commercial vehicles and scooters. Cars were still a major luxury. Japanese manufacturers entered the Indian market ultimately leading to the establishment of Maruti Udyog. A number of foreign firms initiated joint ventures with Indian companies. In the 1980s, a number of Japanese manufacturers launched joint-ventures for building motorcycles and light commercial-vehicles. It was at this time that the Indian government chose Suzuki for its joint-venture to manufacture small cars. Following the economic liberalisation in 1991 and the gradual weakening of the license raj, a number of Indian and multi-national car companies launched operations. Since then, automotive component and automobile manufacturing growth has accelerated to meet domestic and export demands. [21] Following economic liberalization in India in 1991, the Indian automotive industry has demonstrated sustained growth as a result of increased competitiveness and relaxed restrictions. Several Indian automobile manufacturers such as Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki and Mahindra and Mahindra, expanded their domestic and international operations. Indias robust economic growth led to the further expansion of its domestic automobile market which has attracted significant India-specific investment by multinational automobile manufacturers. [22] In February 2009, monthly sales of passenger cars in India exceeded 100,000 units[23] and has since grown rapidly to a record monthly high of 182,992 units in October 2009. [24] Objectives of study: Since the Auto Component industry is growing substantially, it is very important to know and identify how the industry is growing and creating its own place in the industrial sector helping the economy to grow. So the objectives of the study are: 1. To understand and analyse the current status of Indian Automobile Industry. 2. To Analyse the trends in the automobile industry in India. 3. To study the growth potential and challenges faced by automobile industry in India. Market and its Growth. The automotive industry of India is categorized into passenger cars, two wheelers, commercial vehicles and three wheelers, with two wheelers dominating the market. More than 75% of the vehicles sold are two wheelers. Nearly 59% of these two wheelers sold were motorcycles and about 12% were scooters. Mopeds occupy a small portion in the two wheeler market however; electric two wheelers are yet to penetrate. The passenger vehicles are further categorized into passenger cars, utility vehicles and multi-purpose vehicles. All sedan, hatchback, station wagon and sports cars fall under passenger cars. Tata Nano, is the world’s cheapest passenger car, manufactured by Tata Motors a leading automaker of India. Multi-purpose vehicles or people-carriers are similar in shape to a van and are taller than a sedan, hatchback or a station wagon, and are designed for maximum interior room. Utility vehicles are designed for specific tasks. The passenger vehicles manufacturing account for about 15% of the market in India. Commercial vehicles are categorized into heavy, medium and light. They account for about 5% of the market. Three wheelers are categorized into passenger carriers and goods carriers. Three wheelers account for about 4% of the market in India. Domestic Market Share for 2010-11(%)| Passenger Vehicles| 16. 25| Commercial Vehicles| 4. 36| Three Wheelers| 3. 39| Two Wheelers| 76. 00| Source: Society of Indian Automotive Manufacturing (SIAM) GROSS TURNOVER OF THE AUTOMOBILEINDUSTRY IN INDIA| Year| (IN USD MILLION)| 2004-05| 20,896| 2005-06| 27,011| 2006-07| 34,285| 2007-08| 36,612| 2008-09| 38,238| The production of automobiles has greatly increased in the last decade. Automobile Production. Automobile Production Trends (Number of Vehicles)| Category| 2004-05| 2005-06| 2006-07| 2007-08| 2008-09| 2009-10| 2010-11| Passenger Vehicles| 1,209,876| 1,309,300| 1,545,223| 1,777,583| 1,838,593| 2,357,411 | 2,987,296 | Commercial Vehicles| 353,703| 391,083| 519,982| 549,006| 416,870| 567,556 | 752,735 | Three Wheelers| 374,445| 434,423| 556,126| 500,660| 497,020| 619,194 | 799,553 | Two Wheelers| 6,529,829| 7,608,697| 8,466,666| 8,026,681| 8,419,792| 10,512,903 | 13,376,451 | Grand Total| 8,467,853| 9,743,503| 11,087,997| 10,853,930| 11,172,275| 14,057,064 | 17,916,035 | Automobile Sales. Automobile Domestic Sales Trends(Number of Vehicles)| Category| 2004-05| 2005-06| 2006-07| 2007-08| 2008-09| 2009-10| 2010-11| Passenger Vehicles| 1,061,572| 1,143,076| 1,379,979| 1,549,882| 1,552,703| 1,951,333 | 2,520,421 | Commercial Vehicles| 318,430| 351,041| 467,765| 490,494| 384,194| 532,721 | 676,408 | Three Wheelers| 307,862| 359,920| 403,910| 364,781| 349,727| 440,392 | 526,022 | Two Wheelers| 6,209,765| 7,052,391| 7,872,334| 7,249,278| 7,437,619| 9,370,951 | 11,790,305 | Grand Total| 7,897,629| 8,906,428| 10,123,988| 9,654,435| 9,724,243| 12,295,397 | 15,513,156 |. Automobile Exports Automobile Exports Trends(Number of Vehicles)| Category| 2004-05| 2005-06| 2006-07| 2007-08| 2008-09| 2009-10| 2010-11| Passenger Vehicles| 166,402| 175,572| 198,452| 218,401| 335,729| 446,145 | 453,479 | Commercial Vehicles| 29,940| 40,600| 49,537| 58,994| 42,625| 45,009 | 76,297 | Three Wheelers| 66,795| 76,881| 143,896| 141,225| 148,066| 173,214 | 269,967 | Two Wheelers| 366,407| 513,169| 619,644| 819,713| 1,004,174| 1,140,058 | 1,539,590 | Grand Total| 629,544| 806,222| 1,011,529| 1,238,333| 1,530,594| 1,804,426 | 2,339,333 | Supply Chain of Automobile Industry. The supply chain of automotive industry in India is very similar to the supply chain of the automotive industry in Europe and America. The orders of the industry arise from the bottom of the supply chain i. e. , from the consumers and go through the automakers and climbs up until the third tier suppliers. However the products, as channelled in every traditional automotive industry, flow from the top of the supply chain to reach the consumers. Automakers in India are the key to the supply chain and are responsible for the products and innovation in the industry. The description and the role of each of the contributors to the supply chain are discussed below. Third Tier Suppliers: These companies provide basic products like rubber, glass, steel, plastic and aluminium to the second tier suppliers. Second Tier Suppliers: These companies design vehicle systems or bodies for First Tier Suppliers and OEMs( Original Equipment Manufacturers). They work on designs provided by the first tier suppliers or OEMs. They also provide engineering resources for detailed designs. Some of their services may include welding, fabrication, shearing, bending etc. First Tier Suppliers: These companies provide major systems directly to assemblers. These companies have global coverage, in order to follow their customers to various locations around the world. They design and innovate in order to provide â€Å"black-box† solutions for the requirements of their customers. Black-box solutions are solutions created by suppliers using their own technology to meet the performance and interface requirements set by assemblers. First tier suppliers are responsible not only for the assembly of parts into complete units like dashboard, breaks-axel-suspension, seats, or cockpit but also for the management of second-tier suppliers. Automakers/Vehicle Manufacturers/Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs): After researching consumers’ wants and needs, automakers begin designing models which are tailored to consumers’ demands. The design process normally takes five years. These companies have manufacturing units where engines are manufactured and parts supplied by first tier suppliers and second tier suppliers are assembled. Automakers are the key to the supply chain of the automotive industry. Examples of these companies are Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki, Toyota, and Honda. Innovation, design capability and branding are the main focus of these companies. Dealers: Once the vehicles are ready they are shipped to the regional branch and from there, to the authorised dealers of the companies. The dealers then sell the vehicles to the end customers. Parts and Accessory: These companies provide products like tires, windshields, and air bags etc. to automakers and dealers or directly to customers. Service Providers: Some of the services to the customers include servicing of vehicles, repairing parts, or financing of vehicles. Many dealers provide these services but, customers can also choose to go to independent service providers. Indian automotive companies †¢Chinkara Motors: Beachster, Hammer, Roadster 1. 8S, Rockster, Jeepster, Sailster †¢Hindustan Motors: Ambassador †¢ICML: Rhino Rx †¢Mahindra: Major, Xylo, Scorpio, Bolero, Thar, Verito, Genio †¢Premier Automobiles Limited: Sigma, RiO †¢San Motors: Storm Tata Motors: Nano, Indica, Indica Vista, Indigo, Indigo Manza, Indigo CS, Sumo, Venture, Safari, Xenon, Aria. Foreign automotive companies in India Vehicles manufactured or assembled in India †¢BMW India: 3 Series, 5 Series, X1. †¢Fiat India (in collaboration with Tata Motors): Grande Punto, Linea. †¢Ford India: Figo, Ikon, Fiesta, Endeavour. †¢General Motors India †¢Chevrolet: Spark, Beat, Aveo U-VA, Aveo, Optra, Cruze, Tavera. †¢Honda Siel: Jazz, City, Civic, Accord. †¢Hyundai Motor India:Santro, i10, i20, Accent, Verna Transform, Sonata Transform. †¢Land Rover:Freelander 2 †¢Maruti Suzuki: 800, Alto, WagonR, Estilo, A-star, Ritz, Swift, Swift DZire, SX4, Omni, Versa, Eeco, Gypsy. †¢Mercedes-Benz India: C-Class, E-Class. †¢Mitsubishi[80] (in collaboration with Hindustan Motors): Lancer, Lancer Cedia, Pajero †¢Nissan Motor India: Micra. †¢Renault India:Fluence †¢Toyota Kirloskar: Etios, Corolla, Innova. †¢Volkswagen Group Sales India: †¢Audi India: A4, A6, Q5. †¢Skoda Auto India: Fabia, Laura, Superb, Yeti. †¢Volkswagen India: Polo, Vento, Jetta, Passat. Opel was present in India until 2006. As of 2011, Opel only provides spare parts and vehicle servicing to existing Opel vehicle owners. Vehicles brought into India as CBUs †¢Aston Martin: Vantage, Rapide, Virage, DB9, DBS, One-77. †¢Audi: A7, A8, S4, S6, S8, Q7, TT, R8, RS5. †¢Bentley: Arnage, Azure, Brooklands, Continental GT, Continental Flying Spur, Mulsanne. †¢BMW: 5 Series GT, 6 Series, 7 Series, X3, X5, X6, X6 M, M3, M5, M6 and Z4. †¢Bugatti: Veyron. †¢Chevrolet: Captiva. †¢Ferrari: California, 458 Italia, 599 GTB Fiorano, FF. †¢Fiat: 500, Bravo. †¢General Motors: Hummer H2, Hummer H3. †¢Honda: Civic Hybrid, CR-V. †¢Hyundai: Santa Fe. †¢Jaguar: XF, XJ, XK. †¢Koenigsegg: CCX, CCXR, Agera. †¢Lamborghini: Gallardo, Murcielago. †¢Land Rover: Discovery 4, Range Rover, Range Rover Sport. †¢Maserat: Quattroporte, GranTurismo, GranCabrio. †¢Maybach: 57 and 62. †¢Mercedes-Benz: CL-Class, GL-Class, M-Class, R-Class, CLS-Class, S-Class, SL-Class, SLK-Class, Viano, G-Class, SLS. †¢Mitsubishi: Montero, Outlander, Evo X. †¢Nissan: Teana, X-Trail, 370Z, GT-R. †¢Porsche: 997, Boxster, Panamera, Cayman, Cayenne, Carrera GT. †¢Rolls Royce: Ghost, Phantom, Phantom Coupe, Phantom Drophead Coupe. †¢Skoda: Yeti, Superb. †¢Suzuki: Grand Vitara, Kizashi. †¢Toyota: Prius, Camry, Fortuner*, Land Cruiser, Land Cruiser Prado. †¢Volkswagen: Beetle, Tiguan, Touareg, Phaeton. †¢Volvo: S60, S80, XC60, XC90. *Toyota Fortuner is imported as a CKD kit from Toyota Motor Thailand Commercial vehicle manufacturers in India Indian brands †¢Force †¢Hindustan Motors †¢Premier †¢Tata †¢AMW †¢Eicher Motors Joint Venture Brands †¢VE Commercial Vehicles Limited VE Commercial Vehicles limited A JV between Volvo Groups Eicher Motors Limited. †¢Ashok Leyland- originally a JV between Ashok Motors and Leyland Motors, now 51% owned by Hinduja Group †¢Mahindra Navistar a 51:49 JV between Mahindra Group and Navistar International †¢Swaraj Mazda originally a JV between Punjab Tractors and Mazda, now 53. 5% owned by Sumitomo Group †¢Kamaz Vectra A JV between Russias KaMAZ and the Vectra Group Foreign brands †¢Volvo †¢Tatra. †¢MAN as a JV with Force Motors, makes MAN Trucks in India †¢Mercedes-Benz sells luxury buses in India †¢Daimler AG manufactures BharatBenz, a brand of trucks based on the Fuso and the Mercedes Benz truck platforms, which Daimler AG owns †¢Scania †¢Iveco †¢Hino †¢Isuzu †¢Piaggio †¢Caterpillar Inc. Electric car manufacturers in India †¢Ajanta Group †¢Mahindra †¢Hero Electric †¢REVA †¢Tara International †¢Tata Opel was present in India until 2006. As of 2011, Opel only provides spare parts and vehicle servicing to existing Opel vehicle owners.. *Toyota Fortuner is imported as a CKD kit from Toyota Motor Thailand. Market Characteristics Market Size The Indian Automotive Industry after de-licensing in July 1991 has grown at a spectacular rate on an average of 17% for last few years. The industry has attained a turnover of USD 35. 8 billion, (INR 165,000 crores) and an investment of USD 10. 9 billion. The industry has provided direct and indirect employment to 13. 1 million people. Automobile industry is currently contributing about 5% of the total GDP of India. India’s current GDP is about USD 650 billion and is expected to grow to USD 1,390 billion by 2016. The projected size in 2016 of the Indian automotive industry varies between USD 122 billion and UDS 159 billion including USD 35 billion in exports. This translates into a contribution of 10% to 11% towards India’s GDP by 2016, which is more than double the current contribution. Demand Determinants Determinants of demand for this industry include vehicle prices (which are determined largely by wage, material and equipment costs) and exchange rates, preferences, the running cost of a vehicle (mainly determined by the price of petrol), income, interest rates, scrapping rates, and product innovation. Exchange Rate: Movement in the value of Rupee determines the attractiveness of Indian products overseas and the price of import for domestic consumption. Affordability: Movement in income and interest rates determine the affordability of new motor vehicles. Allowing unrestricted Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) led to increase in competition in the domestic market hence, making better vehicles available at affordable prices. Product Innovation is an important determinant as it allows better models to be available each year and also encourages manufacturing of environmental friendly cars. Demographics: It is evident that high population of India has been one of the major reasons for large size of automobile industry in India. Factors that may be augment demand include rising population and an increasing proportion of young persons in the population that will be more inclined to use and replace cars. Also, increase in people with lesser dependency on traditional single family income structure is likely to add value to vehicle demand. Infrastructure: Longer-term determinants of demand include development in Indian’s infrastructure. India’s banking giant State Bank of India and Australia’s Macquarie Group has launched an infrastructure fund to rise up to USD 3 billion for infrastructure improvements. India needs about $500 billion to repair its infrastructure such as ports, roads, and power units. These investments are been made with an aim to generate long-term cash flow from automobile, power, and telecom industries. Price of Petrol: Movement in oil prices also have an impact on demand for large cars in India. During periods of high fuel cost as experienced in 2007 and first –half of 2008, demand for large cars declined in favour of smaller, more fuel efficient vehicles. The changing patterns in customer preferences for smaller more fuel efficient vehicles led to the launch of Tata Motor’s Nano – one of world’s smallest and cheapest cars. Key Competitors Tata Motors:Market Share: Commercial Vehicles 63. 94%, Passenger Vehicles 16. 45%. Tata Motors Limited is India’s largest automobile company, with consolidated revenues of USD 14 billion in 2008-09. It is the leader in commercial vehicles and among the top three in passenger vehicles. Tata Motors has winning products in the compact, midsize car and utility vehicle segments. The company is the worlds fourth largest truck manufacturer, and the worlds second largest bus manufacturer with over 24,000 employees. Since first rolled out in 1954, Tata Motors as has produced and sold over 4 million vehicles in India. Maruti Suzuki India: Market Share: Passenger Vehicles 46. 07% Maruti Suzuki India Limited, a subsidiary of Suzuki Motor Corporation of Japan, is Indias largest passenger car company, accounting for over 45% of the domestic car market. The company offers a complete range of cars from entry level Maruti-800 and Alto, to stylish hatchback Ritz, A star, Swift, Wagon-R, Estillo and sedans DZire, SX4 and Sports Utility vehicle Grand Vitara. Since inception in 1983, Maruti Suzuki India has produced and sold over 10 million vehicles in India and exported over 500,000 units to Europe and other countries. The company’s revenue for the fiscal 2010-2011 stood over Rs 375,224 million and Profits After Tax at over Rs. 22,886 million. Hyundai Motor India:Market Share: Passenger Vehicles 14. 15% Hyundai Motor India Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of world’s fifth largest automobile company, Hyundai Motor Company, South Korea, and is the largest passenger car exporter. Hyundai Motor presently markets 49 variants of passenger cars across segments. These includes the Santro in the B segment, the i10, the premium hatchback i20 in the B+ segment, the Accent and the Verna in the C segment, the Sonata Transform in the E segment. Mahindra Mahindra: Market Share: Commercial Vehicles 10. 01%, Passenger Vehicles 6. 50%, Three Wheelers 1. 31% Mahindra Mahindra is mainly engaged in the Multi Utility Vehicle and Three Wheeler segments directly. The company competes in the Light Commercial Vehicle segment through its joint venture subsidiary Mahindra Navistar Automotives Limited and in the passenger car segment through another joint venture subsidiary Mahindra Renault. In the year 2009, on the domestic sales front, the Company along with its subsidiaries sold a total of 220,213 vehicles (including 44,533 three wheelers, 8,603 Light Commercial Vehicles through Mahindra Navistar Automotives and 13,423 cars through Mahindra Renault), recording a growth of 0. 6% over the previous year. Mahindra Mahindra is expanding its footprint in the overseas market. In 2009 the Xylo was launched in South Africa. The company formed a new joint venture Mahindra Automotive Australia Pty. Limited, to focus on the Australian Market. Ashok Leyland: Market Share: Commercial Vehicles 16. 47% Against the backdrop of the sharp slump in demand for commercial vehicles, during 2008-09, Ashok Leyland registered sales of 47,118 medium and heavy commercial vehicles (MHCV), 37. 5% less than in the previous year. This includes 16,049 MHCV buses and 31,069 MHCV trucks respectively, 8. 7% and 46. 3% less than in the previous year. Hero Honda Motors: Market Share: Two Wheelers 41. 35% Hero Honda has been the largest two wheeler company in the world for eight consecutive years. The company crossed the 15 million unit milestone over a 25 year span. Hero Honda sold more two wheelers than the second, third and fourth placed two-wheeler companies put together. Bajaj Auto: Market Share: Two Wheelers 26. 70%, Three Wheelers 58. 60% Bajaj Auto is ranked as the worlds fourth largest two and three wheeler manufacturer and the Bajaj brand is well-known across several countries in Latin America, Africa, Middle East, South and South East Asia. Despite falling demand in the motorcycle segment, the company has succeeded in maintaining an operating EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation) margin of 13. 6% of net sales and other operating income. From 1. 66 million motorcycles in 2007-2008, the company’s domestic sales fell by 23% to 1. 28 million units in 2008-2009. Key Success Factors The key to success in the industry is to improve labour productivity, labour flexibility, and capital efficiency. Having quality manpower, infrastructure improvements, and raw material availability also play a major role. Access to latest and most efficient technology and techniques will bring competitive advantage to the major players. Utilising manufacturing plants to optimum level and understanding implications from the government policies are the essentials in the Automotive Industry of India. Effective cost controls Close relationship with supplies and goods distribution channels. Establishment of export markets Growth of export markets Having an extensive distribution/collection network Goods distribution channels Successful industrial relations policy Ethical and tactical industrial relations Both, Industry and Indian Government are obligated to intervene the Indian Automotive industry. The Indian government should facilitate infrastructure creation, create favourable and predictable business environment, attract investment and promote research and development. The role of Industry will primarily be in designing and manufacturing products of world-class quality establishing cost competitiveness and improving productivity in labour and in capital. With a combined effort, the Indian Automotive industry will emerge as the destination of choice in the world for design and manufacturing of automobiles. Growth Potential: 1. Increasing demand for vehicles: Increase of disposal income ,easily availability of finance,invreasing consumer awareness and close linkage with global automobile trends. 2. Stable economic policies adopted by successive Governments: The Government of India has continuously made several reforms for the groeth of automobile sector in India. It has lowered the excise duties and have relaxed many policies to boost the local demand . Implemeentation of VAThas helped India to position itself as one of the leading low cost manufacturing sources . 3. Availability of low cost skilled manpower: The cost of quality manpower in India is one of the lowest in the world . Each year the huge number of engineering graduates are produced who provide their skill at comprising salaries . 4. Quality standards: Manufactured in India or â€Å"Made in India† brand is rapidly getting associated with quality. The Indian manufacturer have focussed on quality and most of the leading automobile manufacturer are ISO certified Key Challenges Faced by Indian Automobile Industry Indian auto industry is one of the most promising and growing auto industries across the world. But at this juncture the Indian auto industry is facing various challenges catering to the growing domestic market. Recently, SIAM (Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers) organized an Annual Convention in association with the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises to discuss the current scenario of the auto industry as well as to define the key challenges faced by the industry. The meeting focused to pave a way to transform challenges into business opportunities and boost the status of automotive industry in India. Some of the key challenges discussed faced by auto industry are fuel technology and nurturing talented manpower. These challenges are explained below in detail: Fuel Technology: Technology is significant and needed to ignite the growth of auto industry. Whether it’s a two-wheeler or a car, technology drives the growth. The challenge of alternative fuel technology ensures a brighter vision of the auto industry in the country. The increasing environmental pollution has become a concern for manufacturers and all associated with the industry. All of them are struggling hard to come up with a holistic and integrated approach to reduce carbon dioxide emission. Some of the initiatives to reduce the level of automotive emission include introduction of fuel-efficient cars, obligatory periodic maintenance, and inspection of automotives, designing automotives with recyclable materials, use of alternative fuels like CNG, LPG, biodiesel, and introduction of electric and hybrid cars. Car manufacturer like Maruti Suzuki has already introduced the new concept of using recyclable substance for car production in its dazzling car Maruti Suzuki A-Star. After the production of Maruti Suzuki A-Star, the company thrives to apply the same concept in all its future car models. In addition, it is believed that the Bharat IV Emission Norms are stringent and are to become mandatory in the next couple of years. The growing industry is hunting for more advanced ways and measures to meet the stringent norms. Some of the cars and other automotives may even be phased out during that period. Nurturing Talented Manpower: Manpower and human resources has always been a key growth driver in any industry including the automobile industry. Though India has a vast pool of talented and skilled professionals, the country needs initiatives and support to treasure these resources to excel in all arenas of the industries. Automobile industry is no exception and highly skilled manpower will further become the most reliable source of competitive advantage across the global as well as Indian automobile industry. More than even before creativity, innovative ideas, and expertise in different areas have become an asset these days. Talking about cars, car designers infuse their creativity in their designed car models and that’s something which attracts car customers Further to that, the industry has to foster the talent for servicing and maintenance as well.

Religious Freedom Restoration Act :: essays research papers

Religious Freedom Restoration Act In this paper I will describe the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. This Act was used to contradict the decision of the court case of Employment Division v. Smith, which allowed the government to forbid any religious act without giving a reason. The RFRA brought back the requirement that the government provide an adequate reason to forbid any religious act. The government once again had to show that the act was of compelling interest against the state. In 1993 one of the most important acts that has gone thorough Congress was passed (Religious Freedom, Map of the RFRA). This was the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) of 1993 (Religious Freedom, Map of the RFRA). This act was passed to answer the 1990 court case Employment Division v. Smith (Questions and Answers, Map of the RFRA). Employment Division v. Smith was a court case in which the issue was whether â€Å"Sacramental use of peyote by members of the Native American Church was protected under the free exercise clause of the First Amendment, which provides that ‘Congress shall make no law...prohibiting the free exercise of religion'.†(Questions and Answers, Map of the RFRA). According to Justice Scalia, â€Å"if prohibiting the exercise of religion was merely the incidental effect of a generally applicable and otherwise valid provision, the First Amendment was not offended.† (Questions and Answers, Map of the RFRA). Thus, "...the government no longer had to justify most burdens on religious exercise. The free exercise clause offered protection only if a particular religious practice was singled out for discriminatory treatment. In short, free exercise was a sub category of equal protection. This placed religious rights in an inferior position to other First Amendment rights such as freedom of speech and press." (Questions and Answers, Map of the RFRA). This court case caused a series of court cases about religious freedoms (Religious Freedom, Map of the RFRA). Congress enacted the RFRA to contradict the negative affect that court cases had recently had on religious freedoms(Religious Freedom, Map of the RFRA). The RFRA is what it states it is in the title, a restoration act(Religious Freedom, Map of the RFRA). Congress decided that in Employment Division v. Smith, "the supreme court virtually eliminated the requirement that the government justify burdens on religious exercise imposed by laws neutral toward religion and the compelling interest test as set forth in prior Federal court rulings is a workable test for striking sensible balances between religious liberty and competing prior governmental interests."(Religious Freedom, Map of the RFRA) In other words, the government did not have to have a reason to impose laws

A View from the Bridge: the Opening Scene Essay

The opening scene of Act Two marks the dramatic turning point of the play. In this scene, Catherine confronts Rodolfo over Eddie’s allegation that Rodolfo only wants to marry Catherine to be an American. However it is soon revealed that Rodolfo truly loves her. The two characters sleep together for the first time, a fact that Eddie finds out when he returns home drunk, which results in a devastating confrontation between the central characters. The seriousness and the intense emotions displayed in this scene, plus Arthur Miller’s use of dramatic devices, make this scene very dramatically effective. It is a turning point in the play because it is the first time Catherine and Rodolfo sleep together, symbolising Catherine’s transformation from a â€Å"little girl† to a grown woman; and Catherine’s ties with Eddie have finally cut as she chooses Rodolfo over Eddie. In this scene, Eddie also confronts his feelings towards Catherine as he kisses her in a fit of rage, passion and desire. This scene opens up with Alfieri’s narration. He tells the audience that Catherine and Rodolfo are â€Å"alone† in the apartment for the first time. The fact that they are alone suggests something is going to happen and sets the scene and create tension because the two characters are alone in a cramped flat without anyone to interfere and no other witnesses except the audience. The cramped apartment is dramatic device which is more obvious on stage ? the dining room is the focus of the actions, the small, claustrophobic space increases tension between the characters. The character of Alfieri serves two functions. In the play, Alfieri is the narrator, who tells the audience the story of Eddie Carbone in flashbacks, and therefore constantly reminds the readers of the tragedy that is yet to come. However he also acts as an actual character in the play ? the role of the wise lawyer, whom Eddie seeks advice from. A narrator is a typical dramatic device used often in plays, dating back to Greek tragedy, which is the style this play is written in. Catherine asks Rodolfo is he is hungry, instead he replies â€Å"not for anything to eat†. This suggests Rodolfo’s desire for Catherine and further emphasis what might happen now they are alone together. This makes the audience wonder and curious, about Rodolfo and Catherine, and also about Eddie’s reaction when he finds out. Catherine starts to ask Rodolfo a series of questions about the options of the two of them living in Italy. At first Rodolfo thinks Catherine is joking as he is smiling, as he does not know the real question Catherine is asking him. However, we as the audience understand she is testing him to see if he only wants to marry her to be an American. This is an example of dramatic irony which Miller uses to create tension and suspense as the audience wonder how Rodolfo is going to react and whether he will figure out Catherine’s true intention. We are also kept in suspense as we wait to see if Rodolfo really loves Catherine. As Rodolfo realises Catherine’s seriousness, stage directions describes that his smile â€Å"vanishes† and he is â€Å"astonished† at Catherine’s request and he walks to her â€Å"slowly†. From here, it is clear that Rodolfo recognizes something is wrong and the tension is heightened as his previous joking mood has gone and is moving onto a more unpleasant topic. Rodolfo tries to persuade Catherine by commenting Italy as having â€Å"no money†, â€Å"no business † and â€Å"nothing† and though Italy is beautiful, â€Å"you can’t cook the view†. This quote shows Rodolfo’s maturity and his understanding of reality and that he is not blinded by a mere pretty surface. As Catherine continues to pursue the idea of living in Italy, Rodolfo becomes increasingly frustrated: â€Å"There’s nothing! Nothing, nothing, nothing. † We see the characters are more emotionally charged as the argument continues; Rodolfo becomes more angry and irritable as the tension builds up, and the audience tense up as the calmer atmosphere is now disturbed by something more exciting. Finally, Catherine confesses she is â€Å"afraid of Eddie† here. This is the first time she admits her fear of Eddie and his actions to the audience, which marks another turning point of the play ? she no longer sees Eddie as a non-threatening, kind man she thought he is. There is a slight pause after Catherine’s admission. This creates tension and allows time for Catherine’s confession and is a hint to the impending tragedy sink in. However, even after this, Catherine persists with her questioning, which eventually leads to Rodolfo’s realisation: â€Å"This is your question or his question? † Therefore the penny drops as the truth comes out. From this point on, the characters confront their true feelings and give the audience further insight into the characters’ inner emotions. This quote also shows that Rodolfo is not the naive, innocent boy portrayed and seen by other earlier in the play? He is quite witty and intelligent and knows when something is going on. Rodolfo is â€Å"furious† at Eddie’s accusation of him and explains that the only reason he wants to â€Å"be an American so I can work†. This shows Rodolfo is realistic and is not just an impressionable, young, starry-eyed boy who loves America so much. This corresponds with earlier in the play with his â€Å"you can’t cook the view† speech. From here, we see another more mature, responsible side of him. This also touches on the theme of family and responsibility?  two of the things that are significant in the Italian traditions. These are shown through the way Rodolfo says that he cannot bring Catherine from a rich country to a poor one; otherwise he would be a â€Å"criminal† â€Å"stealing† her face when he cannot afford enough food for her as he would be responsible for her well-being. Catherine is â€Å"near tears† and Rodolfo is â€Å"furious† as the argument progresses. This makes the scene more dramatic as we see the characters’ emotions are displayed so raw and vividly in this scene, as indicated in the stage directions. Catherine describes Eddie as â€Å"mad all the time and nasty†, which contrasts with her earlier comments of â€Å"the sweetest guy† and â€Å"good†. This reveals that Catherine loves Eddie very much but at the same time is afraid of him as she admits herself. This paradox illustrates Catherine’s emotional turmoil and complex feelings. It also suggests that she too, knows something is wrong with Eddie’s over-the-top rage and fury about the idea of her and Rodolfo together, further emphasised by Rodolfo’s suggestion that Eddie will â€Å"spank† Catherine if she disobeys him ? that there is something dark and primal in Eddie’s feelings for Catherine. Catherine denies she is a naive â€Å"baby† like everyone thinks, which reminds us that Catherine is caught in the crossfire and has to do what everyone else’s expectation of her. However, she continues to defend Eddie as she criticises Beatrice of not being a good wife and woman to Eddie, unlike the way she can because she can â€Å"tell† and â€Å"know† what Eddie wants and needs. This almost peculiar comment deepens the audiences’ sense of unease as we suspect that something inappropriate is going on between Eddie and Catherine and that Eddie’s feeling may possibly be reciprocated. Rodolfo does not seem to realise this as he persuades Catherine to leave Eddie. Catherine then tries to change the topic and instead tells Rodolfo to â€Å"hold† and â€Å"teach† her. This shows Catherine is inexperienced. However alternatively, it can mean that she is manipulative ? when the conversation is not turning out the way she wants to, she cunningly changes the topic using her sexuality. This contrasts with the previous impression the audience have of her and suggests that she is not the saint that we think she is. She cries â€Å"softly† as Rodolfo gently leads her to the bedroom ? thus completes Catherine’s transformation from a â€Å"little girl† to a woman. It signifies Catherine’s choice of Rodolfo over Eddie as she loses her virginity to Rodolfo ? something she can never claim back, parallel to the fact she can not go back to Eddie anymore. Her ties have finally been cut. This significant event also means tragedy is inevitable as the audience know all hell will break loose when Eddie finds out. There is a little pause between the part when Rodolfo leads Catherine to the  bedroom and Eddie’s confrontation with them. During this part, no speech is spoken; it only shows Eddie’s return. This gives the audience some breathing space as tension slows down a little and to give time for the audience to prepare for the revelation Eddie is about to find out. Eddie returns home â€Å"drunk†, which creates tension as the audience anticipate trouble, and the fact that he is drunken means his behaviour would be even more aggressive and unpredictable and then making his confrontation with Rodolfo and Catherine more dramatic. Eddie sees Catherine first; the situation appears to be calm, though awkward and uneasy because the audience know that a huge thing has just happened and the calmness is just the calmness before the storm and we wait anxiously for the dreadful truth to dawn on Eddie. According to the stage direction, Rodolfo comes out of the bedroom second. Eddie sees him and his arm â€Å"jerks slightly in shock†. Rodolfo nods to him â€Å"testingly†. Eddie jerks his arm in shock implies he realises what has happened. He is in astonishment and disbelief. Rodolfo reminds the audience that Beatrice is out, which means there is no one to act as the peace-maker?  there are only three of them alone in the small, claustrophobic apartment where the atmosphere is tense and uncomfortable. There is a pause as Eddie let the revelation to sink in. the pause creates suspense as the audience wait for his catastrophic reaction. Instead, however, Eddie just tells Rodolfo to â€Å"get outa here†. A simple, short command without any explanation or discussion. This amplify the uneasiness in the atmosphere as his reaction seems strangely still to the awful knowledge he just learned, the audience are surprised by this and wonder what will happen next. Eddie grabs her arm as Catherine starts to go. This is the start and a hint to the conflict that is yet to come. Catherine starts to go. Catherine is â€Å"trembling with fright†, shows that she is really scared. She â€Å"frees her arm†, suggests that she is standing up to Eddie finally. She speaks in short sentences, creating a fast pace and urgency atmosphere Eddie tries to regain the control of the situation by commanding Catherine: â€Å"You ain’t going anywheres. â€Å" He desperately tries to make Catherine stay by use the last bit of his power to control her. When Catherine disobeys, he â€Å"draws her to him† and â€Å"kisses her on the mouth† as Eddie finally confronts his desire and feeling for Catherine. The kiss suggests there is something of a sexual desire in Eddie’s feelings, not just the simple possessiveness some fathers have of their daughters. Eddie asks Rodolfo what he is â€Å"gonna be†, thus challenging him, with Catherine as the winner’s price. Rodolfo squares up to Eddie and accept the challenge â€Å"with tears of rage†, suggesting his ego has been bruised badly. He â€Å"flies at him in attack†, which shows Rodolfo’s extreme rage at the fact Eddie has just kissed Catherine and his challenge of his manliness. However, Eddie humiliates him further as he â€Å"pins his arms, laughing, and suddenly kisses him†. This kiss is very sudden and unpredicted, so it is very shocking for the audience and we are incredulous at Eddie’s actions. This kiss is a very extreme action and we slowly realise that it is used to humiliate Rodolfo, questioning his manliness and an attempt Eddie makes to confirm his suspicion of Rodolfo’s sexuality. Catherine â€Å"tears â€Å"at Eddie’s face, while Eddie stands there with â€Å"tears rolling†. This is the point where Eddie realises he has lost and this is the point where he realises Catherine is gone from him. The audience sympathises with him because we know he truly loves Catherine and he has just lost everything he holds dear. However, he still tries to gain the control of the situation and he and Rodolfo are almost frozen with anger: â€Å"They are like animals that have torn at one another and broken up without a decision, each other waiting for other’s mood† This description compare Rodolfo and Eddie as â€Å"animals†, suggest something dark, terrifying and primal in the situation, which makes the audience feel uneasy and uncomfortable. When Eddie breaks the silence, he tells Rodolfo to get out and tells him to â€Å"watch your step, submarine. † â€Å"Submarine† is slang for an illegal immigrant. This is a warning to Rodolfo and a hint to what is going to happen. From this point on, it is clear to the audience that tragedy is inevitable because it seems that Eddie will go as far as to betray his family and report the brothers to the Immigration Bureau. We also know that if Eddie does do that, the consequence will be devastating, as foreshadowed by the Vinny Bolzano story from the very earlier on of the play. Eddie ends this act with a dreadful warning, which create suspense as to what he is going to do and grabs the audience’s attention as we wait to see his next actions even though we already suspect what he is going to do. In conclusion, the opening scene of Act Two is one of the most important and dramatic points of the play. Throughout the first act, Arthur Miller tells us of Rodolfo and Marco’s arrival and sets up the steps leading to the play’s climax ending. In Act One, the audience see the growth of Eddie’s paranoia and jealousy, slowly accumulating to his final outburst. The incident in this scene: Rodolfo and Catherine sleeping together is the final push that sends Eddie over the edge and promote him to report the cousin to the Immigration Bureau. It is in this scene Eddie’s patience runs out and in this scene he realises he has lost Catherine to Rodolfo. He confronts his feelings by kissing Catherine and humiliates Rodolfo with the shocking kiss. This scene is full of emotions which are displayed vividly to the audience through the characters’ actions and speech. The emotions grab the audience attention because we care about the characters and curious about what is going to happen.

Dreams What Does A Person s Dream Say About Their...

Dreams are a useful and often overlooked tool in psychoanalysis. They provide a way to become aware of one’s unconscious thoughts. Dreams can clarify and sort emotions in new and unexpected ways. One’s most vivid dreams occur during the REM cycle of sleep, these dreams bring one’s body into an excited state which allows the brain to store long-term memories and alter feelings. For the average person, rapid eye movement sleep accounts for one fourth of sleeping time and occurs in bi-hourly cycles. Though much is still unknown about the exact meaning of dreams, scientists do know that dreams play a role is shaping our emotional responses and reactions to the world around us. This leads us to the questions: what does a person s dream say†¦show more content†¦Eventually, Freud’s student Jung developed a second theory of dream analysis. It was Jung’s position that dreams cannot deceive. They are an unfiltered, pure display of the unconscious. W hile he agreed that dreams used fairy tales, myths, symbolism, and culture to convey thought, he was firm in the belief that only the dreamer could determine the true meaning of the dream based on the context of those symbols in their own life. Again, this method of dream interpretation is very subjective. While one’s conscious self may associate a dream with a particular meaning, the unconscious may not have been doing so. Lastly, the newest theory of dream interpretation is the Transformation Theory. In Toward a New Theory of Dreaming, Richard Corrine, Joseph Hart, Werner Icarle, Jerry Binder, Stephen Gold, and Lee Woldenbero describe this new theory: â€Å"Transformation theory views dreams as images of feelings visual images that reflect the dreamer s degree of complete or incomplete feeling.† This theory is unique from the previous two because it views dreams not as a memory storage function to replay past events from our life, but a pure expression of emotions. The complexity and depth of dreams allows one to gauge the completeness of the dreamer’s feeling. Dreaming is a way to store memories and reconcile with the past. Research has shown that people who have had a traumatic experience often use dreaming to cope with the situation. In 2009, a case study was conducted by SiamakShow MoreRelatedHow Dreams Affect Our Personalities1465 Words   |  6 PagesHow dreams affect our personalities Introduction to Psychology By: Spencer Young  Abstract What happens at night when we enter what is called rapid eye movement or rem is called dreaming. What happens when we dream our brain tries to deal with what we’ve done throughout the day. It does this in the form of a dream. What happens when we wake up out of the dream? Does it affect us during the day? Dreams have been found to shape us in ways that is almost unnoticeable to us.  How dreams mayRead MoreDreams, By Sigmund Freud1513 Words   |  7 Pages Dreams can often be mysterious and quite questionable at times. It can leave us wondering what a particular dream means to the dreamer, and we can argue about what causes dreams in the first place. Science can explain how dreams are related to brain functioning, but only a psychological understanding of the unconscious can explain why a dream happens at a particular time of your life and what it means psychologically. So what exactly are dreams? Strictly speaking, dreams are a series of thoughtsRead MoreSociological Perspective On Psychology : Psychodynamic Psychology1067 Words   |  5 Pagespsychology approach to unlock the human mind. A psychology approach is known as a perspective; today there are many different approaches in psychology that contain specified beliefs about the mind and Human Behavior. Individually each perspective is different they have their strong points and weak points, however each pe rspective does represent important assumptions that were fundamentally researched with methods and questions that are used to answer inquiries in psychology regarding human behavior and theRead MoreThe Between Jung s Personality Theory And Costa And Mccrae s Trait Theory1935 Words   |  8 PagesThe Contrast between Jung s Personality Theory and Costa and McCrae s Trait Theory. The purpose of this paper is to describe Peter’s behaviour according to Jung’s personality theory in contrast with Costa McCrae’s trait theory. Jung s personality theory focuses heavily on the unconscious and how people s dreams are interpreted for one to truly realise their true self (Papadopoulos, 2006, p. 8). Costa McCrae s trait theory scores a person s behaviour on numerous traits that comes togetherRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1712 Words   |  7 Pagessituations where we feel the need to give up our life and not face the problems. Only by facing all the troubles, will a person become stronger and more courageous to handle anything in life. By believing in one’s self, can man have the courage to follow what they think is right. Killing yourself or giving up is never a solution in life. This soliloquy reveals Hamlet’s fearful personality by showing that his decision-making process is slow and that he fears risks or uncertainty. The se character traitsRead MoreThe First Layer Of The Unconscious1570 Words   |  7 Pageschild that anything they want to do or they thought about doing it he was just going to do it because that was what he wanted. While he was becoming a teen he started reading books and that is where he found out he actually loves philosophy. While Jung was growing he started noticing that he had two personalities just like his mother. This personalities are modern Swiss, and the other personality is more to the eighteenth century. The Swiss personality describes more a schoolboy living in the new eraRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Guru And Enhance Your Mood Right936 Words   |  4 Pagesmost of the time, we don’t necessarily know what is good for us. We’re talking about simple stuff that makes us happy like our dream car, an old school actor who used to be gorgeous, or the sight of a beautiful house. The list could go on, but we will stop at these three examples. Let’s explain why you need to keep these wonderful things in your mind, or should we say why you need to see them as â€Å"feel good gurus†. Imagine how you feel, when you think about a beautiful car you’ve just seen on TV,Read MoreCharacter Analysis Of Beneatha In A Raisin In The Sun1487 Words   |  6 Pagesplay written by Lorraine Hansberry about the life of an African American family during the era of segregation. The play starts off with the Younger family receiving a 10,000 dollar check from Mr. Younger’s insurance policy. The family argues over what they are going to do with it. Mama wants to buy a house with it, Walter wants to invest in a liquor store, and Beneatha wants to use the money to go to medical school. The contrast of the characters’ personalities fuels the conflict and drives the storyRead MoreThe Secret Life Of Walter Mitty1086 Words   |  5 Pagesdreary, unhappy lives and live a life of action and excitement. This concept is the exact idea that James Thurber wrote about in â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty,† utilizing indirect characterization and motifs to high light those ideas. In â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty,† the characterization through the actions and thoughts of Walter Mitty are employed to expose his personality and subsequently act as a catalyst for the plot development. The story taking place primarily in 1939 Waterbury, ConnecticutRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Ways In Which The American Dream Is Presented Through Walter Younger In Lorraine Hansberry1711 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Compare and contrast the ways in which the American Dream is presented through Walter Younger in Lorraine Hansberry’s ‘ A Raisin in the Sun’ and Willy Lehman in Arthur Miller’s ‘Death of the Salesman’ The American Dream is something many Americans desire. The desire to the mind – set or belief that anyone can be successful if they worked hard for what they’ve been yearning. It is considered to be a ‘perfect life’; it can be full of money, contentedness or even love. There are many divergent opinions

The International Convention on the Prevention and...

In the 1830s and ending in the early 1970s, many aboriginal children were forcibly taken from their families, as the European settlement recognised Aboriginal’s for being flora and fauna and deemed them to be feral. European settlers aim was to supposedly enforce Aboriginal’s to be civil by assimilating them into European society and culture. However this was not the case as it was an excuse to wipe out the Aboriginal race and culture, which was ordered by the Australian Government at the time. The Government’s policies and practices regarding the removal of children, the ill treatment and the continuing effects eradicated many aboriginal generations. Government authorities claimed legal guardianship of all Indigenous children and†¦show more content†¦The Chief Protector of Aborigines was made as a legal guardian of indigenous children until the age of eighteen, regardless of the existence of their parents. The Aboriginal plaintiffs in this case argu ed the validity of the Ordinance covering many grounds. For instance, the plaintiffs argued that the Ordinance breached the protection of the freedom of religion in section 116 of the Constitution, it overstepped the freedom of movement from state to state, authorising automatic detention of children that was a decision that should have been made by a court and breached the International Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. However the court found that the International Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide only came into effect in 1951 and the Ordinance was in force in 1918, which bought the court to reject the claim as the Ordinance had no such written explanation pointing to genocide. As Justice Dawson noted the decision that there was a degree of equality that was lacking in the claim made by the plaintiffs as there was no such description relating to the degree of genocide that was described in the Aboriginal Ordinance 1918. Even though the Aboriginal Ordinance did not state an act of genocide to be authorised throughout the order, Justice Dawson stated one of the observation’s thatShow MoreRelatedThe And Punishment Of The United Nations1640 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom punishment or freedom from the injurious consequences of an action. More specific, it refers to the failure to bring perpetrators of human rights violations to justice, thus denying victims the right to justice and restoration. These violators may be government officials or private individuals and they are often protected by special jurisdictions, sanctions, immunities, or amnesties. In 1945, at the Nuremberg Trials, which judged the accused war criminals of Nazi Germany, the international communityRead MorePhilosophy 381 : Genocide, Language And Power1319 Words   |  6 PagesPHILOSOPHY 381: GENOCIDE,LANGUAGE AND POWER Professor: Lynne Tirrell 5th October, 2015 We Wish to Inform[Question 1] How many people need to be killed before a crisis becomes a genocide? How many sections of article 2 Of the UN convention needs to occur to be considered a genocide? Is the sterilization of hundreds of Puerto rico women taking imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group considered Genocide? Is police targeting and killing certain grips of people more often a formRead MoreViolations of Human Rights Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Gates The film, Beyond the Gates, shows audiences the horror that took place during the Rwandan genocide. 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Essay Appearance and Steroids - 2857 Words

Appearance and Steroids Why does our appearance have such an impact on our lifestyles? Do people need huge muscles and beautiful bodies to be noticed? Many people feel we do, and thats why steroid use is at its highest. People still use the drug even though they know the risks. Is this shortcut for muscular gain worth sickness, disease or fatality? People should understand what steroids do to their bodies and minds before they decide to use the drug. The consumption of steroids has a negative effect on the body and people that use steroids are destroying their lives. Anabolic steroids are drugs that increase human muscle and mass, and also reduce body fat. They are derived from the male sex hormone, testosterone.†¦show more content†¦They are the shortcut to a great body. They are the man-made way to look great. Steroids: Hercules in a bottle (Nardo 17). This is the best explanation about why people use steroids. It is the quick and easy way for muscular gain. Not many people can handl e the natural way to work out. They want to have noticeable results over night. Doctor Lawrence Clayton states, it might take a teenage boy a year of intensive weight lifting to add thirty pounds of muscle to his body. Anabolic steroids, taken in huge amounts can do it in twelve weeks (23). Kenneth T. Walsh interviewed Arnold Schwarzenegger, and in his interview, he received Arnolds reasoning for why people used steroids. We want to get strong and be competitive the fastest way (63). Many people just want to be big and beautiful without the hassle of working out. A chart from the Journal of the American Medical Association showed why high school students begin to use steroids. Twenty-eight percent of students using steroids began using them to look better. As teenagers begin weight training, they can easily be convinced to try steroids. Many body builders use the drug to build muscle size and increase strength. The drug for this is called Dianabol. By seeing the physical effect steroids have on the body, teenagers become curious. Also, with the different types of steroids around, these high school students can choose the physical appearanceShow MoreRelatedSteroids have more than one meaning. Generally your body produces some steroids to fight stress and800 Words   |  4 PagesSteroids have more than one meaning. Generally your body produces some steroids to fight stress and let your body grow during puberty. But then there is the kind of steroids that you take to improve your physical appearance or better you in the sport that you pla y. Normally when you hear people say steroids they are often talking about the illegal anabolic steroids. Anabolic steroids are a synthetic steroid hormone that resembles testosterone in promoting the growth of muscle. Steroids affect athletesRead More The Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay1148 Words   |  5 Pagesof the development of anabolic steroids: a group of powerful synthetic chemical compounds that resemble the natural male sex hormones (Schwarzenneger 722). Anabolic steroids were first developed in the 1930s as a therapeutic drug to treat growth hormone replacement in deficient children, menopausal symptoms, impotence, and the retardation of the effects of aging by stimulating the rate of synthesis of protein molecules (Biology 121 Web Project 1). These steroids are a simulated testosteroneRead MoreAnabolic Steroids And Its Effects On The Brain1608 Words   |  7 PagesBrief History Anabolic steroids are directly related to steroids, and both have similar effects, however anabolic steroids intensify protein production in cells, leading to enlarged muscles, rather steroids contain various hormones including testosterone. 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Australian Migration Law and Practice Immigration and Border Protecti

Question: Describe about the Australian Migration Law and Practice for Immigration and Border Protection. Answer: 1. Waensila v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection is a landmark judgment with respect to the granting or refusal of granting of a partner visa in Australia. It has overruled the previous judgments and revolutionized the ways in which partner visas are assessed in Australia (Walsh Haag, 2015). Facts of the case are as follows: The appellant is a citizen of Thailand and he married an Australian citizen on September 5, 2010. The appellant applied for temporary and permanent partner visas (under subclasses 820 and 801) on 10 September, 2010. At the time of applying for the visa he had no substantive visa. The visas were refused by the delegate on the ground that the appellant did not satisfy the criteria laid down under Clause 820.211(2)(d)(ii) of the Migration Regulations 1994. The decision of the delegate was appealed in the Tribunal. The tribunal took the same view and confirmed the decision of the delegate. A judicial review was sought in the Federal Circuit Court of Australia (FCCA) by the appellant. The FCCA was also of the same opinion and upheld the decision of the tribunal. The present appeal lies against such decision of the FCCA in the Federal Court of Australia. Arguments involved in the case Clause 820.211(2)(d)(ii) of the Migration Regulations 1994 lays down that that if an applicant of a partner visa is the not the holder of a substantive visa, then he needs to satisfy Criteria 3001, 3003 and 3004 under Schedule 3 of the Regulations at the time of application of the partner visa . However, these criteria can be dispensed with if the Minister is satisfied that there exists compelling reasons (Burn., 2013). In the present case, the appellant did not actually fulfill the above mentioned criteria. The appellant contended that he should be granted a partner visa on the ground that certain compelling reasons existed such as: he would be persecuted if he returned to Thailand as a Thai Muslim citizen; the reunion between him and his wife would never be possible if he returned to Thailand; iii. his marital relationship with his wife would get affected if had to return to Thailand; his wife was suffering from various diseases and she needed continuing care; his wife was financially dependent on him Judgments of the lower courts The contention of the appellant was rejected by all the courts on the ground that the compelling reasons should have existed at the time when the visa application was submitted by the appellant. The lower courts relied on the heading of Clause 820.21 which contains the words at the time of application (Starr, 2016). Decision of the federal Court The Federal Court of Australia, through its judgment on March 11, 2016 reversed the decision of the lower FCCA on appeal. According to Federal Court,the exercise of power of the Minister to dispense with the fulfilment of the requirement as laid down under Schedule 3 cannot be limited to the circumstances which existed at the time of application of visa. The Federal Court relied on Berenguel v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2010) in which the Court, with respect to a similarly worded provision, held that the heading of a provision is not necessarily connected with its terms. Thus, the heading cannot confine the exercise of Ministers power to the compelling reasons which existed in at the time of applying for the visa. The Federal Court observed that the waiver power of the minister is not a criterion in itself. It is a power which has to be exercised to determine whether the criterion under Schedule 3 is to be dispensed with or not. Therefore, the minister may exercise its power even after the application of the visa has been submitted (Castles et al., 2013). Section 65 of the Migration Act, 1958 is also relevant for the purpose of construction of the provisions under the Migration Regulations 1994 (Collins, 2014).Under Section 65, the Minister has the power either to grant or refuse the visa. According to the section, the relevant time at which a minister may determine whether a visa application fulfilled all the relevant criteria or notis the time of making a decision with respect to the granting or refusal of grating of a visa and not the time at which the visa application is applied. Section 55 of the Migration Act also lays down that the Minister must consider all the relevant information before making a decision whether to grant or refuse to grant a visa (Simmons et al., 2013). The decision of the Federal Court is an important and a landmark judgment which seeks to combat the hurdles faced in applying for a partner visa in Australia. If this decision would not have been passed by the Federal Court of Australia, then the applicant would have to return to his own country and apply for a visa application. It would have caused a lot of detriment to the relation of the applicant with his wife. This judgment has undoubtedly opened the floodgates for the claims of partner visas in Australia. As per the reasons of the judgment,a partner visa applicant can be saved from complying with the requirements of Schedule 3,if he can show that there exists compelling reasons which requires the attention of the Minister for granting the visa, irrespective of the fact that the reasons did not exist at the time of application of the visa. This judgment has been delivered in the interest of justice and to reduce the hardship which a person faces while applying for a partner visa . This view of the Court is significant for the unlawful non-citizens who wish to regularise their status in Australia and become lawful citizens afterwards. This judgment has surely impacted the lives partner visa applicants in Australia and has changed the way in which partner visas are assessed in Australia. The Tribunal and the Department will have to change their approach of reviewing partner visa applications and they need to make sure that justice is being done to every single applicant who applies for a partner visa in Australia (Starr, 2016). 2. The Federal Court has utilised the golden rule of interpretation of statute in this case.The golden rule states that if the meaning of words used in a statute is not in accordance with the intention of the legislature and if it leads to some repugnance or absurdity, then the statutes language may be modified or varied so as to avoid such repugnancy or absurdity (Carney, 2015). The golden rule is usually utilised by judges to interpret a statute in such a way so as to give effect to the intention of the legislature (Dharmananda Lane, 2016). In this case, according to the federal Court, the purpose of the legislature was to give greater flexibility to the Minister in determining whether compelling reasons or circumstances exist or not while granting or refusing to grant a partner visa to an applicant. The intention of the legislature was also to avoid the hardship which may be faced by a partner visa applicant. This purpose or intention of the legislature would be defeated if the statute is interpreted in a way so as to limit the circumstances in which such discretion of the Minister is to be exercised. The Federal Court has laid down emphasis on the point that the heading of a provision cannot confine or limit the circumstances in which the Minister has to determine whether or not to grant or refuse to grant a visa. To interpret the statute that the minister would consider the compelling circumstances only at the time when the visa application is submitted would give a narrow meaning to discretionary power of the minist er and would eventually defeat the purpose of the statute. This would cause inconvenience or absurdity and to remove such inconvenience or absurdity, the judges of the Federal Court has applied the golden rule of interpretation of the statute. Thus, in this case, the judiciary has given effect to the intention of the legislature and has avoided to give ordinary meaning to the words of the statute as such meaning would have not served the purpose for which the legislature was enacted (Starr, 2016). References: Burn, J. M. (2013). Reconsideration of visas intended to provide protection and support to people who have experienced human trafficking, slavery and slavery-like practices. Carney, G. (2015). Comparative approaches to statutory interpretation in civil law and common law jurisdictions.Statute Law Review,36(1), 46-58. Castles, S., Hugo, G., Vasta, E. (2013). Rethinking migration and diversity in Australia: introduction.Journal of Intercultural Studies,34(2), 115-121. Collins, G. (2014). President's page: Migration amendments.Precedent (Sydney, NSW), (120), 3. Dharmananda, J., Lane, P. (2016). Teaching Statutory Interpretation in Australia: Whats Next?.Statute Law Review, hmw030. Simmons, F., OBrien, B., David, F., Beacroft, L. (2013). Human trafficking and slavery offenders in Australia.Trends and issues in crime and criminal justice, (464), 1. Starr, D. (2016). Federal court judgments.Ethos: Official Publication of the Law Society of the Australian Capital Territory, (240), 54. Walsh, R., Haag, S. (2015). Immigration: Breaking up is a hard to-do: Dual regulation of migration lawyers set to end.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal,2(5), 74.